BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON CROP PROPAGATION

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Topic: Crop Propagation Class: Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) Subject: Biology Specific Objectives By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define crop propagation. Differentiate between sexual and asexual propagation. Identify and explain various methods of crop propagation. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Recognize common examples of crops propagated using each method. Lesson Content 1. Meaning of Crop Propagation Crop propagation refers to the process by which plants reproduce or are reproduced to give rise to new plants. This can occur naturally or be carried out artificially by farmers or agricultural scientists. It is a vital practice in agriculture that ensures the continuous production of food and other plant-based resources. 2. Types of Crop Propagation Crop propagation is broadly categorized into two main types: Sexual Propagation (Seed Propagation) Asexual Propagation (Vegetative Propagation) 3. Sexual Propa...
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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

 TOPIC: FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB 

Content objectives 

  1.  Define food chain and food web
  2. Identify the levels of a food chain and the organisms within them
  3. Understand the interdependence of organisms in a food web
  4. Explain the flow of energy through a food chain and its importance in ecosystem dynamics
  5.  Recognize the effects of disruption or removal of a single species on the food web


Food chain

A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms in which each organism feeds on the one before it and is in turn eaten by the one after it. A typical food chain may start with producers, such as plants or algae, which are then consumed by primary consumers, such as herbivores, which are then eaten by secondary consumers, such as carnivores, and so on. At the top of the food chain are apex predators, which have no predators of their own.


Food web

A food web is a more complex and interconnected system of food chains in which multiple species are linked together based on their feeding relationships. In a food web, each organism may have multiple food sources and multiple predators, and the same species may occupy different positions in different food chains. A food web is a more accurate representation of the actual feeding relationships in an ecosystem than a simple food chain.


Levels of a food chain

The levels of a food chain include the producers, the primary consumers, the secondary consumers, and the tertiary consumers. Producers are the organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants and algae. Primary consumers are herbivores that feed on producers, such as rabbits or deer. Secondary consumers are carnivores that feed on primary consumers, such as snakes or hawks. Tertiary consumers are apex predators that feed on other carnivores, such as eagles or lions.


Interdependence of organisms in a food web

All organisms in a food web are interdependent on each other. A change in one population can have a cascading effect on the entire system. For example, if a disease wipes out a primary consumer, the predators that depend on that primary consumer may start to decline as well, leading to a chain reaction of impacts on the ecosystem.


Flow of energy through a food chain

Energy flows through a food chain from the sun to the producers and then through the different levels of consumers. As each organism consumes another, only about 10% of the energy is passed on to the next level, with the majority of the energy being lost as heat or used for the organism's own metabolism. This energy flow is critical to ecosystem dynamics, as top-down regulation by apex predators can influence the populations of lower trophic levels.


Effects of disruption or removal of a single species on the food web

Disruption or removal of a single species in a food web can have significant impacts on the rest of the ecosystem. For example, the removal of a top predator could lead to an increase in the population of its prey and a decrease in the population of the prey's own prey. This could result in overgrazing or other unintended consequences. Climate change, habitat destruction, and invasive species are just a few of the ways in which humans can alter food web dynamics.

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