BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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RESPIRATION

 The process of respiration involves the taking in of oxygen, its transport within the body of the organism, its exchange in the cells, and the eventual release of energy in form of ATP, water and carbon(iv)oxide. The energy is utilized by the cells for their daily activities. Respiration can be defined as a biochemical activity of the cell, in which glucose is broken down in a series of reaction controlled by enzymes in order to release energy.

Phases/Stages of Respiration

External Respiration: This simply involves the breathing in of air or oxygen into the respiratory organs such as lungs or gills otherwise called inspiration or inhalation and the breathing out of carbon dioxide and water vapour into the atmosphere otherwise called expiration or exhalation. It is the exchange of gases between the environment and the respiratory organs of living organisms.

Internal Respiration:  This is the oxidation of food substances within the cells, leading to the release of energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This is made possible by the oxygen taken in through the breathing process. Carbon dioxide, water and energy are given out by these cells in return.

This can be represented by the following equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O6 → 6H2O + 6C02 + Energy (ATP)

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