BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON CROP PROPAGATION

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Topic: Crop Propagation Class: Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) Subject: Biology Specific Objectives By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define crop propagation. Differentiate between sexual and asexual propagation. Identify and explain various methods of crop propagation. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Recognize common examples of crops propagated using each method. Lesson Content 1. Meaning of Crop Propagation Crop propagation refers to the process by which plants reproduce or are reproduced to give rise to new plants. This can occur naturally or be carried out artificially by farmers or agricultural scientists. It is a vital practice in agriculture that ensures the continuous production of food and other plant-based resources. 2. Types of Crop Propagation Crop propagation is broadly categorized into two main types: Sexual Propagation (Seed Propagation) Asexual Propagation (Vegetative Propagation) 3. Sexual Propa...
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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON PLANT NUTRITION

 

Topic: Plant Nutrition

Class:  Senior Secondary School 2 (SS 2)

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define plant nutrition.
  2. Identify the types of plant nutrients.
  3. Distinguish between macronutrients and micronutrients.
  4. State the functions of each nutrient in plant growth.
  5. Explain the processes of photosynthesis and mineral absorption.
  6. Identify symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants.
  7. Suggest ways to correct nutrient deficiencies in soil.

Lesson Content

1. Meaning of Plant Nutrition

Plant nutrition is the process by which plants absorb and utilize nutrients from the environment (soil, water, and air) for their growth and development.

2. Types of Nutrients

There are two main categories of nutrients that plants need:

A. Macronutrients (needed in large amounts):

  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Sulphur (S)

B. Micronutrients (needed in small amounts):

  • Iron (Fe)
  • Zinc (Zn)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Manganese (Mn)
  • Molybdenum (Mo)
  • Boron (B)
  • Chlorine (Cl)

3. Functions of Nutrients

  • Nitrogen: Promotes leafy growth.
  • Phosphorus: Helps root development and energy transfer.
  • Potassium: Improves overall plant health and disease resistance.
  • Calcium: Builds strong cell walls.
  • Magnesium: Essential part of chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
  • Sulphur: Needed for protein synthesis.

Micronutrients help in enzyme activities and plant metabolism.

4. Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll)

5. Mineral Absorption

Plants absorb water and minerals from the soil through their roots. These minerals are transported to various parts of the plant by the xylem vessels.

6. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms

  • Nitrogen deficiency: Yellowing of leaves.
  • Phosphorus deficiency: Poor root growth and purple leaves.
  • Potassium deficiency: Browning of leaf edges.
  • Calcium deficiency: Stunted growth and curling leaves.
  • Magnesium deficiency: Yellowing between leaf veins.
  • Iron deficiency: Pale new leaves.

7. Correction of Deficiencies

  • Use of organic manure (e.g., compost, animal dung).
  • Application of chemical fertilizers (e.g., NPK fertilizer).
  • Practicing crop rotation and soil testing to maintain nutrient balance.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is plant nutrition?
  2. Name three macronutrients and their functions.
  3. Mention two symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants.
  4. What is the role of nitrogen in plant growth?
  5. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

20 Objective Questions and Answers

1. Which of these is a macronutrient?
A. Iron
B. Boron
C. Nitrogen
D. Zinc
Answer: C

2. Photosynthesis occurs in the presence of _____.
A. Oxygen and heat
B. Sunlight and chlorophyll
C. Water and carbon
D. Nitrogen and sugar
Answer: B

3. The nutrient responsible for root development is _____.
A. Nitrogen
B. Phosphorus
C. Calcium
D. Sulphur
Answer: B

4. A plant with yellowing leaves may lack _____.
A. Phosphorus
B. Iron
C. Potassium
D. Nitrogen
Answer: D

5. Which part of the plant absorbs water and minerals?
A. Leaves
B. Stems
C. Roots
D. Flowers
Answer: C

6. The gas used in photosynthesis is _____.
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon dioxide
Answer: D

7. Chlorophyll is important for _____.
A. Transpiration
B. Digestion
C. Photosynthesis
D. Germination
Answer: C

8. Which of these is a micronutrient?
A. Phosphorus
B. Potassium
C. Zinc
D. Calcium
Answer: C

9. Potassium deficiency leads to _____.
A. Purple leaves
B. Pale leaves
C. Curling leaves
D. Brown leaf edges
Answer: D

10. Which of these is an organic method of improving soil fertility?
A. NPK fertilizer
B. Animal manure
C. Urea
D. Ammonium nitrate
Answer: B

11. Magnesium is needed to produce _____.
A. Proteins
B. Chlorophyll
C. Sugars
D. Hormones
Answer: B

12. The tissue that transports minerals in plants is called _____.
A. Phloem
B. Cortex
C. Xylem
D. Cambium
Answer: C

13. Which of the following nutrients helps in disease resistance?
A. Phosphorus
B. Potassium
C. Nitrogen
D. Boron
Answer: B

14. Deficiency of calcium results in _____.
A. Stunted growth
B. Dark green leaves
C. Leaf curling
D. Both A and C
Answer: D

15. A major source of plant nutrients is _____.
A. Rain
B. Soil
C. Air
D. Wind
Answer: B

16. The energy for photosynthesis comes from _____.
A. Sugar
B. Water
C. Sunlight
D. Oxygen
Answer: C

17. Which of these is NOT a function of nutrients?
A. Promoting growth
B. Causing diseases
C. Building cells
D. Aiding metabolism
Answer: B

18. Iron is classified as a _____.
A. Macronutrient
B. Micronutrient
C. Vitamin
D. Hormone
Answer: B

19. Nutrients are absorbed from the soil through _____.
A. Stomata
B. Leaves
C. Roots
D. Bark
Answer: C

20. One way to correct nutrient deficiency is _____.
A. Flooding
B. Burning
C. Using manure
D. Pruning
Answer: C

Conclusion

Plant nutrition is vital for the healthy growth and development of crops. Understanding the types of nutrients, their functions, and how to manage soil deficiencies ensures that plants produce better yields. A well-nourished plant resists

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