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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Physics Lesson Note On Transmission of Heat – Radiation

Topic: Transmission of Heat – Radiation Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define radiation of heat. Explain how heat is transmitted by radiation. Identify good and poor radiators and absorbers of heat. Give real-life examples of radiation. Instructional Materials: Candle or electric lamp Thermometer Black and white surfaces (cards or cloth) Aluminum foil Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Definition of Radiation Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves without the need for a medium. It does not require particles to transfer energy; heat can travel through a vacuum. Example: Heat from the Sun reaches the Earth through space. Activity: Students feel the warmth of a lamp without touching it. Step 2: How Radiation Occurs All bodies emit infrared radiation according to their temperature. Dark, rough surfaces are good absorbers and emitters of radiation. Light, shiny surfa...
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Physics Lesson Note On Transmission of Heat – Convection

Topic: Transmission of Heat – Convection Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define convection of heat. Explain how convection occurs in fluids (liquids and gases). Identify factors affecting convection. Give real-life examples of convection. Instructional Materials: Beaker or container with water Heat source (Bunsen burner or candle) Food coloring Small objects (optional: to observe currents) Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Definition of Convection Convection is the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) by the actual movement of particles . Hotter parts of the fluid rise while cooler parts sink, creating a convection current . Example: Boiling water forms circular currents where hot water rises and cold water sinks. Activity: Heat water in a beaker and add a drop of food coloring. Observe how the color moves with the currents. Step 2: How Convection Occurs When a fluid is heated: Particl...
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Physics Lesson Note On Transmission of Heat – Conduction

Topic: Transmission of Heat – Conduction Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define conduction of heat. Explain how heat is conducted in solids. Identify good and poor conductors of heat. Give everyday examples of conduction. Instructional Materials: Metal rod or spoon Candle or Bunsen burner Heatproof stand or clamp Wax or small pins Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Definition of Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat through a substance without the movement of the substance itself . It mainly occurs in solids , especially metals. Example: Heating one end of a metal rod causes the other end to become hot over time. Activity: Students touch different parts of a heated metal rod (carefully) to feel heat transfer. Step 2: How Conduction Occurs Heat is transferred by vibration of particles : Particles at the hot end vibrate faster. Energy is passed to neighboring particles, spreading heat alon...
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Physics Lesson Note On Thermal Expansion of Liquids and Gases

  Topic: Thermal Expansion of Liquids and Gases Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Explain thermal expansion in liquids and gases. Calculate volume changes in liquids and gases due to temperature changes. Give real-life examples of thermal expansion in liquids and gases. Instructional Materials: Glass jar or flask Water or colored liquid Bunsen burner or candle Measuring cylinder Balloon Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Thermal Expansion in Liquids Liquids expand when heated because particles move faster and occupy more space. The expansion is usually volume expansion . Formula: ΔV = β × V × ΔT Where: ΔV = increase in volume β = coefficient of cubical expansion (≈ 3 × α for liquids) V = original volume ΔT = temperature change Example: 100 cm³ of water is heated by 50°C, β = 0.000214 /°C: ΔV = 0.000214 × 100 × 50 = 1.07 cm³ Activity: Students heat a liquid in a flask and observe th...
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Physics Lesson Note On Thermal Expansion of Solids

Topic: Thermal Expansion of Solids Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define thermal expansion of solids. Explain why solids expand when heated. Give examples of thermal expansion in daily life. Instructional Materials: Metal rod Heat source (Bunsen burner or candle) Ruler or measuring scale Clamp stand Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Thermal Expansion of Solids Thermal expansion is the increase in size (length, area, or volume) of a solid when it is heated. It occurs because particles vibrate faster as temperature increases, pushing neighboring particles slightly apart. Example: Metal railway tracks expand in hot weather. Activity: Heat a metal rod and measure its length before and after heating. Students observe that it becomes longer. Step 2: Linear Expansion Linear expansion refers to the increase in length of a solid. Formula: ΔL = α × L × ΔT Where: ΔL = increase in length α = coeffic...
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Physics Lesson Note On Measurement of Temperature & Thermometers

Topic: Measurement of Temperature & Thermometers Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Explain how temperature is measured. Describe different types of thermometers. Read and record temperature using a thermometer. Instructional Materials: Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer Alcohol thermometer Hot water, ice, and cold water Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Measurement of Temperature Temperature is measured using a thermometer, which indicates the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. Common scales: Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (°F). Example: Ice melts at 0°C, boiling water at 100°C. Activity: Students identify water freezing and boiling points and relate them to thermometer readings. Step 2: Types of Thermometers Clinical Thermometer Used to measure body temperature. Range: 35°C – 42°C. Mercury or alcohol in a narrow glass tube. Laboratory Thermometer Measure...
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Physics Lesson Note On Heat and Temperature (Concepts)

Topic: Heat and Temperature (Concepts) Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define heat and temperature. Explain the difference between heat and temperature. Give examples of heat transfer in daily life. Instructional Materials: Thermometer Hot water and ice cubes Metal and wooden spoons Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Heat Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder body. It is measured in Joules (J) or calories (cal) . Example: Placing a metal spoon in hot water causes the spoon to become hot as heat flows from water to spoon. Activity: Students place one spoon in hot water and one in cold water, then feel the difference. Step 2: Temperature Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body. Measured using a thermometer in Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), or Fahrenheit (°F) . Example: Boiling water has a temperature of 100°C, while ice has 0°C. Activity: Stude...
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Physics Lesson Note On Forms of Energy & Energy Transformation

Topic: Forms of Energy & Energy Transformation Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Identify different forms of energy. Explain energy transformation from one form to another. Give real-life examples of energy transformations. Instructional Materials: Battery Bulb Toy car Spring or rubber band Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Forms of Energy Energy exists in various forms: Kinetic Energy: Energy of a moving object. Formula: KE = 1/2 × m × v² Example: A car moving at 10 m/s with mass 500 kg: KE = 1/2 × 500 × 10² = 250 × 100 = 25,000 J Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or configuration. Formula: PE = m × g × h Example: A 2 kg book on a 1.5 m shelf: PE = 2 × 10 × 1.5 = 30 J Thermal Energy: Energy due to temperature of an object. Example: Boiling water has thermal energy. Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds. Example: Food, batteries, fuels. Electrical E...
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Physics Lesson Note On Work, Energy, and Power

Topic: Work, Energy, and Power Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define work, energy, and power. Calculate work done, energy, and power. Differentiate between work, energy, and power with examples. Instructional Materials: Spring balance Weights Pulley system or inclined plane Stopwatch Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Work Work is said to be done when a force is applied to an object, and the object moves in the direction of the force. Formula: Work (W) = Force (F) × Distance (d) × cos θ Where θ is the angle between force and direction of motion. Units: Joule (J) Example: A force of 10 N moves a box 5 m in the direction of the force. W = F × d × cos θ = 10 × 5 × cos 0° = 50 J Activity: Students push a block along a table and measure force and distance to calculate work done. Step 2: Energy Energy is the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, che...
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Physics Lesson Note On Applications of Density (Floating & Sinking)

Topic: Applications of Density (Floating & Sinking) Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Explain why objects float or sink in a fluid. Predict whether an object will float or sink based on its density. Apply the principle of floating and sinking in real-life situations. Instructional Materials: Beaker or container with water Objects of different densities (wood, metal, plastic) Calculator Balance Measuring cylinder Step 1: Floating and Sinking Objects float or sink in a fluid depending on their density relative to the fluid. Rule: Density of object < Density of fluid → floats Density of object > Density of fluid → sinks Example: A wooden block (ρ = 0.8 g/cm³) floats on water (ρ = 1 g/cm³). A metal block (ρ = 7.8 g/cm³) sinks in water. Activity: Students place different objects in water and observe whether they float or sink. Step 2: Principle of Buoyancy Buoyancy is the upward force a f...
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Physics Lesson Note On Density & Relative Density

Topic: Density & Relative Density Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define density and relative density. Calculate density of solids and liquids. Determine relative density of substances. Instructional Materials: Measuring cylinder Balance or weighing scale Water Solid objects of different shapes and sizes Calculator Ruler Step 1: Density Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume. It indicates how compact a substance is. Formula: Density (ρ) = Mass (m) ÷ Volume (V) Units: kg/m³ or g/cm³ Example: A block has mass 200 g and volume 100 cm³. ρ = m ÷ V = 200 ÷ 100 = 2 g/cm³ If the density is high, the substance is more compact. If it is low, the substance is less compact. Activity: Students measure the mass and volume of different objects and calculate their densities. Step 2: Relative Density Relative density (RD) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of wate...
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Physics Lesson Note on Friction

  Topic: Friction Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define friction. List advantages and disadvantages of friction. Suggest methods of reducing friction. Instructional Materials: Wooden block Sandpaper Oil or grease Spring balance Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Friction Friction is the resistive force that opposes the motion of one surface over another. It occurs whenever two surfaces are in contact. Example: Pushing a wooden block across a table requires more force than pushing it on a lubricated surface. Friction acts opposite to the direction of motion and is measured in newtons (N). Activity: Students use a spring balance to pull a block across a rough and smooth surface to observe the difference in friction. Step 2: Advantages of Friction Friction is sometimes helpful and necessary: Walking: Friction between shoes and ground prevents slipping. Vehicles: Tires grip the road because of friction. ...
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Physics Lesson Note On Circular Motion

Topic: Circular Motion Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define circular motion. Explain centripetal force and acceleration. Solve problems involving circular motion. Instructional Materials: String Small object (stone or ball) Stopwatch Chalkboard/Whiteboard Step 1: Circular Motion Circular motion occurs when an object moves along a circular path. The object constantly changes direction while moving at a certain speed along the path. Example: A stone tied to a string spun in a circle. The object always moves tangentially to the circle, while a force keeps it moving along the curve. Activity: Students tie a small object to a string and spin it. Observe the motion and note the direction of the string’s pull. Step 2: Centripetal Force Centripetal force is the force that keeps an object moving along a circular path. It always points toward the center of the circle. Formula: Fc = (m * v²) / r Where: F...
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Physics Lesson Note On Graphical Representation of Motion (Displacement-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs)

Topic: Graphical Representation of Motion (Displacement-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs) Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Plot displacement-time graphs. Plot velocity-time graphs. Interpret graphs to determine speed, velocity, and acceleration. Instructional Materials: Graph paper Rulers Chalkboard/Whiteboard Calculator Objects for motion experiments (toy cars, balls) Step 1: Displacement-Time Graphs Displacement-time graphs show how an object’s position changes over time. The y-axis represents displacement, and the x-axis represents time. A straight line indicates uniform motion (constant velocity). A curved line indicates changing velocity (acceleration). The slope of the line gives the velocity. Example: An object moves 10 m every second for 5 seconds. Plot the displacement-time graph. Displacement at each second: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 m The slope = rise/run = (50 - 0) ÷ (5 - 0) = 10 m/s (veloci...
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Physics Lesson Note on Speed, Velocity & Acceleration

Topic: Speed, Velocity & Acceleration Class: SS1 Specific Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define speed, velocity, and acceleration. Calculate speed, velocity, and acceleration using formulas. Differentiate between speed and velocity with examples. Instructional Materials: Meter rule or measuring tape Stopwatch Chalkboard/Whiteboard Graph paper Toy cars or small objects for demonstrations Step 1: Speed Speed is the distance an object travels divided by the time it takes. It tells how fast something moves without considering direction. Formula: Speed (v) = Distance (d) ÷ Time (t) Example: A car travels 120 meters in 15 seconds. v = 120 ÷ 15 = 8 m/s Speed is a scalar quantity, meaning it only has magnitude. Average speed is calculated as total distance divided by total time. Activity: Students measure the speed of a rolling ball over a 5 m distance using a stopwatch and calculate the speed. Step 2: Velocity Velocity...
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physics Lesson Note On Speed, Velocity & Acceleration

Topic: Speed, Velocity & Acceleration Subject: Physics Class: SS1 Duration: 40 minutes Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define speed and velocity. State the differences between speed and velocity. Define acceleration. Solve problems involving speed, velocity, and acceleration. Explain uniform and non-uniform motion. Instructional Materials Stopwatch Measuring tape/meter rule Ball or toy car (to demonstrate motion) Graph/chart of velocity-time motion Lesson Content in Steps Step 1: Speed Speed is the distance covered per unit time. It is a scalar quantity because it has magnitude only (no direction). Formula: \text{Speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} Example: If a car covers 100 m in 20 s, \text{Speed} = \frac{100}{20} = 5 \, \text{m/s} Uniform speed : covering equal distances in equal time intervals. Non-uniform speed : covering unequal distances in equal intervals of time. Ste...
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Physics Lesson Note On Position, Distance, Displacement, and Motion

Topic: Position, Distance, Displacement, and Motion Subject: Physics Class: SS1 Duration: 40 minutes Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define position and explain how it is represented in Physics. Differentiate between distance and displacement. State differences between scalar and vector quantities. Define motion and explain the types of motion. Solve simple problems on distance and displacement. Instructional Materials Graph board/chart Meter rule or measuring tape A ball (for demonstration of motion) Chalk/marker and ruler (for drawing diagrams on board) Lesson Content in Steps Step 1: Position Position refers to the location of a body in space relative to a reference point or origin. In Physics, position is described using coordinates (x, y, z) in space. Example: A student standing 5 m east of a tree has the position described relative to the tree. A position vector is often used to describe position, e.g...
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Physics Lesson Note On Measuring Instruments

Topic : Measuring Instruments Subject: Physics Class: SS1 Duration: 40 minutes Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Identify common measuring instruments used in Physics. Explain the use of each instrument and the physical quantity it measures. State the level of accuracy (least count) of each instrument. Differentiate between accuracy, precision, and errors in measurement. Solve simple measurement-related problems. Instructional Materials Ruler Meter rule Vernier calipers Micrometer screw gauge Stopwatch/clock Beam balance or electronic balance Thermometer Spring balance Lesson Content in Steps Step 1: Meaning of Measurement Measurement is the process of determining the size, length, quantity, or amount of something using a standard instrument. For example, when saying a table is 2 metres long, the “2 metres” is the measurement, and the instrument used could be a ruler or tape. Measurement gives numerical ...
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Physics Lesson Note on Meaning of Physics; Physical Quantities & Units

Topic: Meaning of Physics; Physical Quantities & Units Subject: Physics Class: SS1 Duration: 40 minutes Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define Physics. Explain the scope and importance of Physics in everyday life. Define physical quantities and classify them into fundamental and derived quantities. State the SI units of fundamental quantities. Give examples of derived quantities and their units. Instructional Materials Chart showing branches of Physics Table of SI units Ruler, stopwatch, spring balance, thermometer, meter rule Lesson Content in Steps Step 1: Meaning of Physics Physics is the science that studies the nature and properties of matter and energy. It examines how things move, why they move, and how they interact. The word Physics comes from the Greek word physis , meaning “nature.” It provides explanations for everyday events, such as why objects fall, how electricity powers bulbs, or why the ...
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