BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Physics Lesson Note On Work, Energy, and Power

Topic: Work, Energy, and Power

Class: SS1

Specific Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define work, energy, and power.
  2. Calculate work done, energy, and power.
  3. Differentiate between work, energy, and power with examples.

Instructional Materials:

  • Spring balance
  • Weights
  • Pulley system or inclined plane
  • Stopwatch
  • Chalkboard/Whiteboard

Step 1: Work

  • Work is said to be done when a force is applied to an object, and the object moves in the direction of the force.

  • Formula:

Work (W) = Force (F) × Distance (d) × cos θ

Where θ is the angle between force and direction of motion.

  • Units: Joule (J)

  • Example: A force of 10 N moves a box 5 m in the direction of the force.

W = F × d × cos θ = 10 × 5 × cos 0° = 50 J

Activity: Students push a block along a table and measure force and distance to calculate work done.

Step 2: Energy

  • Energy is the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, etc.

  • Formula:

Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 × m × v²  
Potential Energy (PE) = m × g × h

  • Units: Joule (J)

  • Example: A 2 kg ball raised to 5 m height:

PE = m × g × h = 2 × 10 × 5 = 100 J

Activity: Students calculate KE and PE of different objects using mass, velocity, and height.

Step 3: Power

  • Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

  • Formula:

Power (P) = Work (W) ÷ Time (t)

  • Units: Watt (W)

  • Example: A worker does 200 J of work in 10 s.

P = W ÷ t = 200 ÷ 10 = 20 W

Activity: Students time how long it takes to push a weight and calculate the power output.

Step 4: Relationship Between Work, Energy, and Power

  • Work done = Energy transferred
  • Power = Work done ÷ Time

Example: Lifting a 5 kg weight to 2 m height in 4 s:

Work = PE = m × g × h = 5 × 10 × 2 = 100 J  
Power = W ÷ t = 100 ÷ 4 = 25 W

Summary

  • Work: Force × distance in direction of force
  • Energy: Capacity to do work
  • Power: Rate of doing work
  • Units: Joule for work and energy, Watt for power

Evaluation

  1. Define work, energy, and power.
  2. Calculate the work done when a 15 N force moves an object 6 m at an angle of 0°.
  3. A 2 kg ball raised 3 m; find its potential energy.

Class Work

  1. Calculate the power when 150 J of work is done in 5 s.
  2. A car of mass 800 kg moves at 20 m/s. Find its kinetic energy.
  3. Determine work done in lifting a 10 kg object 4 m high.

Home Work

  1. Define kinetic and potential energy.
  2. A person lifts a 50 kg box to a height of 2 m in 4 s. Calculate work done and power.
  3. Explain why energy is said to be the capacity to do work.


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