BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Comprehensive Economics Scheme Of Work For SS1-SS3: First, Second and Third Term

 Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1) Economics Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Introduction to Economics – Definition, scope, and importance.
  2. Basic Concepts in Economics – Wants, scarcity, choice, opportunity cost.
  3. The Scale of Preference and Opportunity Cost – Meaning and applications.
  4. The Production Possibility Curve (PPC) – Graphical representation.
  5. Basic Tools of Economic Analysis – Tables, charts, graphs.
  6. Types and Basic Concepts of Economic Systems – Capitalism, socialism, mixed economy.
  7. Demand – Definition, determinants, law of demand.
  8. Supply – Law of supply, determinants, elasticity.
  9. Market Equilibrium – Interaction of demand and supply.
  10. Price Determination – Graphs and effects of government policies.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. Theory of Production – Factors, types, and stages.
  2. Division of Labour and Specialization – Benefits and limitations.
  3. Scale of Production – Internal and external economies of scale.
  4. Costs of Production – Fixed, variable, total, average, and marginal costs.
  5. Revenue Concepts – Total, average, marginal revenue.
  6. Market Structures – Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic, oligopoly.
  7. Business Organizations – Sole proprietorship, partnership, joint-stock, co-operative.
  8. Public Enterprises – Characteristics, merits and demerits.
  9. Population – Determinants, size, distribution, implications.
  10. Labour Market – Demand and supply of labour, wage determination.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Agriculture – Importance, types, problems, solutions.
  2. Mining and Oil Industry in Nigeria – Contributions, challenges.
  3. Distribution and Trade – Channels, wholesalers, retailers.
  4. Money and Banking – Functions of money, commercial and central banks.
  5. Public Finance – Government revenue and expenditure.
  6. Taxation – Types, merits, demerits.
  7. Budgeting and National Debt – Surplus, deficit, balanced budget.
  8. Economic Growth and Development – Differences, indicators.
  9. National Income – Concepts, measurement, limitations.
  10. Development Planning – Objectives and constraints.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) Economics Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Consumption and Consumer Behavior – Utility theory, laws of consumption.
  2. Inflation – Causes, types, effects, control measures.
  3. Deflation and Stagflation – Meaning, causes, effects.
  4. Unemployment – Types, causes, effects, remedies.
  5. Poverty and Inequality – Causes, effects, policies.
  6. Social and Economic Institutions – Family, religion, financial institutions.
  7. Money Market – Instruments and institutions.
  8. Capital Market – Functions and institutions.
  9. Financial Institutions in Nigeria – CBN, commercial banks, development banks.
  10. Stock Exchange Market – Roles, instruments.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. International Trade – Importance, types, balance of trade.
  2. Balance of Payments – Surplus, deficit, correction measures.
  3. Exchange Rates – Systems and effects.
  4. Economic Integration – ECOWAS and other regional bodies.
  5. Trade Restrictions – Tariffs, quotas, reasons.
  6. Globalization – Definition, pros and cons.
  7. Foreign Aid and Investment – Types, merits and demerits.
  8. Privatization and Commercialization – Meaning, effects.
  9. Deregulation – Effects on economic growth.
  10. Economic Reforms and SAP – Objectives and effects.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Economic Development Indicators – HDI, per capita income.
  2. Economic Growth vs Development – Differences and similarities.
  3. Environment and Sustainable Development – Concepts, challenges.
  4. Science and Technology in Development – Roles and limitations.
  5. Planning and National Development – Five-year plans, implementation issues.
  6. Population Policies – Birth control, education, health.
  7. Labour Policies and Reforms – Labour laws, labour unions.
  8. Economic Problems of Nigeria – Corruption, mismanagement.
  9. Solutions to Economic Problems – Policy reforms.
  10. Past WAEC/NECO Objective Review – Practice and analysis.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Senior Secondary School 3 (SS3) Economics Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Full WAEC/NECO Syllabus Review
  2. Comprehensive Revision of Microeconomics Topics – SS1–SS2 scope.
  3. Comprehensive Revision of Macroeconomics Topics – SS1–SS2 scope.
  4. National Income Revisited – Applications and WAEC questions.
  5. Market Structures Revisited – Long questions, diagrams.
  6. Theory of Production and Cost – Graphical questions.
  7. Budgeting and Fiscal Policy – WAEC standard.
  8. Mock Objective and Theory Exams – Practice.
  9. Data Interpretation Questions – Tables and charts.
  10. Exam Technique Coaching – Answering style, time management.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. Revision of Government and Private Sector Roles in the Economy – Regulatory bodies, ministries.
  2. Comparative Economic Systems – Capitalist vs socialist systems.
  3. Economic Institutions and Their Functions – IMF, World Bank, ECOWAS.
  4. Recent Developments in the Nigerian Economy – Inflation trends, currency reforms.
  5. Review of Economic Indicators – GDP, GNP, CPI.
  6. Review of Fiscal and Monetary Policies – Government interventions.
  7. Trade Liberalization and Protectionism – Merits and demerits.
  8. Preparation for External Exams – Guided practice questions.
  9. Essay Practice and Past Question Analysis – Topic-based drills.
  10. Objective Question Mastery – Mock quizzes.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Recap of National Development Planning – SAP, NEEDS, Vision 2020.
  2. Review of Financial and Capital Markets – Roles in national development.
  3. Assessment of Nigeria’s Economic Performance – 5-year review.
  4. Review of Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates – Case studies.
  5. Past WAEC/NECO Mock Theory and Objective Exams – Full coverage.
  6. WAEC/NECO Forecast Topics – Focused review.
  7. Team Presentations on Major Economic Issues – Practical learning.
  8. Comprehensive Graph and Data Interpretation Practice – WAEC style.
  9. Final Revision and Intensive Coaching – Personal support.
  10. Time-Based Paper Practice – Real exam simulation.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

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