BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Comprehensive Government Scheme Of Work For SS1-SS3: First, Second and Third Term

 Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1) Government Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Meaning and Scope of Government – Definition, nature, relevance.
  2. Basic Concepts in Government – Power, authority, legitimacy, sovereignty.
  3. Types and Characteristics of Government – Monarchy, republicanism, dictatorship, democracy.
  4. Organs of Government – Executive, legislature, judiciary: roles and structure.
  5. Functions of Government – Lawmaking, defense, security, economic and social welfare.
  6. Political Ideologies – Capitalism, socialism, communism, fascism.
  7. Constitution – Definition, types, features.
  8. Constitutionalism – Rule of law, separation of powers.
  9. Processes of Making a Constitution – Referendum, constitutional conference.
  10. Citizenship – Acquisition, rights, duties, dual citizenship.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. Political Participation – Suffrage, political apathy, pressure groups.
  2. Elections – Meaning, types, importance.
  3. Electoral Systems – Proportional representation, plurality, second ballot.
  4. Electoral Bodies – INEC and functions.
  5. Political Parties – Formation, types, functions.
  6. Party Systems – One-party, two-party, multi-party.
  7. Public Opinion – Sources, measurement, influence.
  8. Civil Service – Features, functions, control.
  9. Local Government – Structure, roles, sources of revenue.
  10. Traditional Political Institutions – Pre-colonial administration in Nigeria.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Colonial Administration in Nigeria – Indirect rule, merits and demerits.
  2. Nationalism in Nigeria – Causes, effects, key figures.
  3. Constitutional Development in Nigeria (1922–1963) – Clifford to Independence Constitution.
  4. Federalism in Nigeria – Meaning, evolution, features.
  5. Military Rule in Nigeria – Characteristics, achievements, shortcomings.
  6. Political Crises in Nigeria (1962–1966) – Census, election, Western Region crisis.
  7. Development of Political Parties in Nigeria – NPC, NCNC, AG, SDP, NRC.
  8. Civic Obligations of Citizens – Responsibilities and duties.
  9. The Judiciary in Nigeria – Structure, independence, rule of law.
  10. Human Rights – Definition, types, protection.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) Government Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Civil Society – Definition, roles, examples.
  2. Pressure Groups – Functions, differences from political parties.
  3. Public Corporations – Functions, control, criticisms.
  4. The Military in Politics – Causes, consequences, control.
  5. Structures of Government – Unitary, federal, confederal.
  6. Forms of Government – Presidential, parliamentary.
  7. Delegated Legislation – Meaning, types, merits and demerits.
  8. Political Culture and Socialization – Agents, importance.
  9. Political Institutions – Functions and problems.
  10. Control of Government Powers – Checks and balances.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. Nigerian Federalism – Evolution and challenges.
  2. Revenue Allocation – Principles and formula.
  3. Inter-governmental Relations – Tiers of government, conflicts.
  4. Constitutional Development (Post-Independence) – 1963, 1979, 1999 constitutions.
  5. Human Rights and Rule of Law – Application and limitations.
  6. Political Development in Nigeria (1960–1999) – Civil war, transitions.
  7. Public Administration in Nigeria – Ministries, parastatals.
  8. Political Parties in the Fourth Republic – PDP, APC, LP, manifestos.
  9. Democratic Practices in Nigeria – Elections, impeachment, governance.
  10. The Press and Democracy – Role, censorship, freedom of speech.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Nigerian Foreign Policy – Principles, objectives.
  2. Nigeria and the International Community – ECOWAS, UN, AU.
  3. Foreign Policy Implementation – Diplomacy, international cooperation.
  4. International Organizations – UN, AU, ECOWAS: structures and relevance.
  5. Challenges to Nigeria’s Foreign Policy – Funding, global image.
  6. Peacekeeping and Nigeria’s Role – Military interventions, benefits.
  7. Globalization and Nigeria – Effects on economy and politics.
  8. Contemporary Political Issues – Corruption, terrorism, reforms.
  9. Gender and Politics – Women in governance, challenges.
  10. Public Opinion and Leadership in Nigeria – Media and surveys.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Senior Secondary School 3 (SS3) Government Scheme of Work

First Term

  1. Comprehensive Revision of SS1–SS2 Topics – Democracy, Constitution, Organs of Government.
  2. Public Administration – Review and advanced WAEC focus questions.
  3. Pre-colonial and Colonial Governance Systems – Advanced analysis.
  4. Electoral Practices and Reforms – INEC performance, improvement.
  5. Judicial System Review – Structure, independence.
  6. Political Development in Nigeria (Advanced Review) – Crises and transitions.
  7. Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights – Real-life applications.
  8. WAEC/NECO Past Questions Practice – Theory and objectives.
  9. Political Party Development and Analysis – Case study approach.
  10. Mock Paper 1 & 2 Simulation – Timed practice.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Second Term

  1. Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Review – WAEC/NECO structured questions.
  2. Political Leadership in Nigeria – Historical and current.
  3. Public Opinion and National Development – Case studies.
  4. Inter-governmental Relations – WAEC style diagrams.
  5. Political and Economic Challenges in Nigeria – Solutions and government responses.
  6. Development of Party Politics Post-2015 – APC, PDP, new parties.
  7. Government Reforms and Transparency – EFCC, ICPC roles.
  8. Theory and Objective Paper Practice – Guided sessions.
  9. Constitutional Development – 1999 and Beyond – Electoral Act.
  10. WAEC Forecast and Practice – Essay and data interpretation.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

Third Term

  1. Civic Rights and Responsibilities Review – SS1–SS2 recap.
  2. Role of Youth in National Development – Political participation.
  3. Gender and Governance – Progress and challenges in Nigeria.
  4. Democracy and National Stability – Relationship and challenges.
  5. Review of Global Political Systems – Comparisons and impacts.
  6. Mock WAEC Exam 1 & 2 – Full simulation.
  7. Objective and Theory Past Questions Review – Topic-by-topic.
  8. Final Coaching and Time-Based Practice – Performance improvement.
  9. Class Debates on Political Topics – Democracy, press freedom.
  10. Final Preparation for External Examinations – Student-led revisions.
  11. Revision
  12. Examination
  13. Closing

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