BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Chemistry Lesson Note On Environmental Chemistry – Water and Air


Topic: Environmental Chemistry – Water and Air

Class: SS1

Specific Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define environmental chemistry and identify key environmental components.
  2. Explain the composition and importance of air.
  3. Discuss the composition, properties, and uses of water.
  4. Identify common air and water pollutants.
  5. Describe the effects of environmental pollution and methods of control.

Instructional Materials:

  • Chart showing composition of air
  • Samples or diagrams of polluted water/air
  • Model of water cycle
  • Short video on air and water pollution
  • Globe or world map for illustrating global effects

Lesson Content:

Step 1: Meaning of Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Chemistry is the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment (air, water, soil, etc.) and the impact of human activities on these natural systems.

Step 2: Air – Composition and Importance

Composition of Air:

Gas Percentage
Nitrogen (N₂) 78%
Oxygen (O₂) 21%
Argon (Ar) 0.93%
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 0.03%
Other gases (e.g., Neon, Helium) Trace amounts

Importance of Air:

  • Oxygen is essential for respiration.
  • Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
  • Nitrogen helps in plant growth (nitrogen fixation).
  • Maintains temperature balance (greenhouse gases).

Step 3: Water – Composition, Properties, and Uses

Chemical Formula: H₂O

Properties:

  • Tasteless, odorless, colorless in pure form.
  • Universal solvent.
  • Freezes at 0°C, boils at 100°C (at sea level).
  • High specific heat capacity.

Uses of Water:

  • Drinking and domestic use
  • Agriculture (irrigation)
  • Industry (cooling, cleaning, solvent)
  • Transport (navigation)
  • Habitat for aquatic life

Step 4: Common Pollutants of Air and Water

Air Pollutants:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from burning fossil fuels
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) from engines and factories
  • Smoke and particulate matter
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosols and refrigerants

Water Pollutants:

  • Industrial waste and chemicals
  • Sewage and domestic waste
  • Oil spills
  • Agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers)
  • Plastic waste

Step 5: Effects of Pollution and Control Measures

Effects of Air Pollution:

  • Respiratory problems
  • Acid rain
  • Ozone layer depletion
  • Global warming and climate change

Effects of Water Pollution:

  • Diseases (e.g., cholera, typhoid)
  • Death of aquatic organisms
  • Disruption of ecosystems
  • Unsafe drinking water

Control Measures:

  • Use of filters and scrubbers in factories
  • Planting trees (afforestation)
  • Reducing fossil fuel use
  • Recycling and proper waste disposal
  • Treating sewage before discharge
  • Public awareness and environmental education

Evaluation:

  1. Define environmental chemistry.
  2. What is the percentage composition of oxygen and nitrogen in the air?
  3. Mention four uses of water.
  4. List three air pollutants and their sources.
  5. Describe two effects of water pollution.

Homework:

  1. Create a labeled diagram of the water cycle.
  2. Write a short essay on how humans contribute to environmental pollution.
  3. Suggest five ways students can help protect the environment.

Conclusion:

Air and water are essential components of the environment. Understanding their composition, importance, and the dangers of pollution helps us make informed choices to preserve the environment for future generations.


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