BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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Chemistry Lesson Note on Periodic Table – Groups, Periods, and Periodicity

Topic: Periodic Table – Groups, Periods, and Periodicity

Class: SS1

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define the periodic table.
  2. Explain the arrangement of elements in groups and periods.
  3. Identify key features of periods and groups.
  4. State some periodic trends (periodicity) observed in the table.

Instructional Materials

  • Wall chart or printed copy of the modern periodic table
  • Flashcards of element symbols
  • Diagram showing periodic trends (atomic size, electronegativity, etc.)
  • Whiteboard and markers

Lesson Content

Step 1: Definition of the Periodic Table

The Periodic Table is a systematic arrangement of chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number. It helps predict the chemical properties of elements.

The modern periodic table was developed by Dmitri Mendeleev and later refined by Henry Moseley, who arranged it by atomic number.

Step 2: Groups and Periods

  • Groups (Vertical columns):
    There are 18 groups in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons (valence electrons) and similar chemical properties.

    • Examples:
      • Group 1: Alkali metals
      • Group 17: Halogens
      • Group 18: Noble gases

  • Periods (Horizontal rows):
    There are 7 periods. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. As you move from left to right in a period, properties gradually change.

Step 3: Periodicity (Periodic Trends)

Periodic trends are regular patterns that occur in properties of elements across periods or down groups. Key trends include:

  1. Atomic Size (Radius):

    • Decreases across a period (left to right)
    • Increases down a group

  2. Ionization Energy:

    • Increases across a period
    • Decreases down a group

  3. Electronegativity:

    • Increases across a period
    • Decreases down a group

  4. Metallic and Non-metallic Character:

    • Metallic character increases down a group and decreases across a period.
    • Non-metallic character shows the opposite trend.

Step 4: Importance of the Periodic Table

  • Predicts the behavior of elements
  • Classifies elements into metals, non-metals, and metalloids
  • Helps understand trends in chemical reactivity
  • Facilitates the study of chemical bonding

Evaluation

  1. What is the periodic table?
  2. How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
  3. Differentiate between a group and a period.
  4. Name two periodic trends and describe how they change across a period.
  5. What are the properties of elements in Group 1 and Group 18?

Homework

  1. Draw a simplified version of the first 20 elements in the periodic table and label their groups and periods.
  2. Describe the periodic trend of atomic size across a period and down a group.
  3. Give two examples of elements that are:
    a) Noble gases
    b) Alkali metals
    c) Halogens

Conclusion

The periodic table is a powerful tool that organizes elements in a meaningful way. Understanding its structure and trends allows chemists to predict element behavior and chemical interactions with accuracy.


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