Subject:
Biology
Topic: Biology
as a science
Class: SS1
Age: 14+
Sex: Mixed
Instructional Materials. Textbook, specimen, pictures,
Aim of the Lesson: To help the learner understand
biology as a science
Anticipated Problems: Because of advancement in
class, most themes might be new to the learner and might result to difficulty
in understand.
Possible Solution: The teacher explains the concept in details
using illustrations and real objects.
Content Objectives: By the end of the lesson, learners should be
able to;
- 1. Define
Science
- 2. Explain
the usefulness of science
- 3. Explain
the meaning of hypothesis, theory and law
- 4. Explain
the meaning of biology
- 5. State
the usefulness of biology
- 6. State
the characteristics of living things
- 7. State
the difference between plant and animal
- 8. Explain
the levels of organization.
Time
Table fit/ previous knowledge: The learner might have known
about biology but the teacher explains in details
Set
Induction: The teacher asks the student to observe the object on the table.
Differentiation
Method/Multiple Intelligence: The teacher uses different
teaching technique such as discussion, role playing, questioning and use of
picture to ensure all the learner benefit from the lesson.
Definition of Science
Science is the study of
the things around us.
Usefulness
of science
Science has many good
uses. The uses are in the following areas.
Medicine: Science
helps man greatly in the manufacturing of vaccine and drugs used in the cure of
various disease of man.
Agricultural: Science
help in the development of new breeds of animal and plant and to have increased
food production Manufacturing: Science helps man to manufacture many fined
products
Construction: Science
has helped man to design the following railway, Airport, Road and ships.
Transportation:
Science has helped man to build transport facilities like cars, Buses,
aeroplan etc
Communication: Science
has helped man to develop some facilities like television, telephone, mobile
television
Information
and Communication Technology (ICT): Science has helped man to
develop computers.
Meaning of Scientific Method.
Scientific method is a
systematic approach of inquiry or investigation to understand things around us.
Scientific method usually
includes the following steps;
1. Observation
Recognizing an activity
in your environment. For example, observing that cowpea seeds only germinate
when they are planted in the soil and watered.
2. State
hypothesis to account for observation
For example, cowpea seeds
need water to germinate
3.
Conduct experiment to test hypothesis.
Example: label two
containers A, B and place some quantity of wet soil in container B. Place ten
seeds of cowpea in each of the container. Leave A dry (Control). Set aside the
container at room temperature for week.
4. Analyze
result and draw conclusion.
A: None of the cowpea
germinated
B: Right Cowpea
germinated normally and showed healthy growth.
Analysis
Cowpea kept under
condition (A) did not germinate, while most of those kept in moist condition
(B) germinated
Conclusion
Cowpea needs water to
germinate.
5.
Accept or reject the hypothesis.
Accept the hypothesis as
it is consistent with the result of the experiment. For examples from the
experiment, it shows that Cowpea need water to germinant. Therefore, the hypothesis
is accepted.
6. Share
the result.
The result of the study
must be shared with others so that they can also test the hypothesis.
Meaning of hypothesis, theory
and law
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a
reasonable explanation for a particular observation or natural phenomenon.
Theory
When a hypothesis has
been tested and found to be repeatedly correct within the limits of available
evidence it becomes a theory.
Law or
principal
If a theory has been
extensively tested and proven to be true it becomes a law or principle.
Meaning of Biology
The term biology is got
from two Greek words: Bios and Logos
Bios means
life
Logos means
study.
Biology can be defined as
the study of life. There are two main Branches of biology.
Botany: is the
study of plants
Zoology is the
study of animals
Usefulness of biology
Some important achievement
of applied biological research includes
1. Production of hybrid
crop plants and farm animals
2. Invitro Fertilization
(IVF) which helps infertile couples to have children.
3. Development of vaccine
and drugs for prevent and curing many serious disease
4. The use of biological
pesticides instead of chemical ones in the control of agricultural pest
5. Organ transplants
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
All living organism exhibits
the following seven characteristics process
“MRS
NERG”
M-
Movement: A living organism is able to move its whole body or parts of its body. Most animals can
move themselves from place to place (locomotion) while plants only move parts
of their bodies in response to external stimuli
R-
Reproduction: All
living organism reproduce ie produce new individuals (offspring) resembling
themselves.
S-
Sensitivity: A living organism is sensitive ie it is able to
detect and respond to changes in its surrounding and within itself. Such
changes are known as stimuli.
N-Nutrition:
All living organism take in food to build up its body and provide
energy for its various activities.
E-Excretion:
Activities within the body of a living
organism produces unwanted and toxic substances known as waste. Organism
removes or excretes these wastes from their body.
R-
Respiration: A living organism respires. Living organism
takes in oxygen from its surrounding and releases carbon dioxide as a waste
product.
G-Growth:
A living organism grow. This is an increase in size which is usually
accompanied by development (a change in form and abilities)
Difference
between plants and animals
|
Plants
|
Animals
|
|
1.All green plants manufacture
their own food through a process known as photosynthesis (autotrophic)
|
Animals do not manufacture
their own food. They feed on plants and other animals. This is known as
holozoic or heterotrophic nutrition.
|
|
2. Plant do not move from
place to place
|
Animals move from place to
place
|
|
3. Plants respond slowly to
external stimuli
|
Animal respond quickly
|
|
4. Plants produces very little
waste products which are stored in certain cells as harmless substance
|
Animals produce a lot of waste
product which are harmful.
|
|
5. Plants has a spreading and
a large external body surface
|
Animal have compact bodies
which enables them move about quickly.
|
|
6. Most plants shows unlimited growth. They
keep producing new shoots
|
Animals show limited growth.
They have a fixed number of organs
|
|
7. Growth mainly occur at the
tips of the roots and stem of plant
|
In animal, growth occur
equally in all parts of the body.
|
|
8.Gaseous exchange between the
plant and its surrounding occur over the whole body surface of the plant
|
In most animals, gaseous
exchange occurs in special organs such as grill, trachea or lungs
|
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
Organization of life
refers to the arrangement of structures that interact to build up more complex
structure.
There are four levels of
organization of life in organism. They are
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organs
- System
The Cells (first levels)
Cell is defined as the smallest unit of life.
Is the basic functional and structural unit of life. It is the first level of
organization of life. Cell interact or combine to form tissue. All plant and
animal are made up of cells. Organisms that made up of only one cell are called
unicellular organism e.g Amoeba, Euglena while organism that made of
many cells are called multicellular organism. Example of cell in plant include
phloem cells, xylem etc. example of cells in animal are red blood cells, white
blood cells, nerve cells.
Tissue Level (second Level)
Tissue is a collection of
cells that are similar in structure and perform similar functions. Example of
animal that exist at tissue level is hydra.
Types of
tissue in man include; epithelial tissue, blood tissue, skeletal
tissue, and muscle tissue.
Types of
tissue in plan include
- Vascular
Tissue. e.g phloem and xylem
- Strengthening
Tissue. e.g sclerenchyma, collenchyma, and
parenchyma
- Photosynthetic
Tissue used for manufacturing food.
- Epithelial
tissue: For protection
- Packing
tissue used for protection
Organ Level (Third Level)
An organ is a collection
of different tissue that perform similar function. Some organs perform only one
function. e.g the heart. Example of organ in plant is onion bulb.
System Level (Fourth Level)
System is a collection of
different organs that perform a particular function. Systems are peculiar to
higher organism. Example of system are digestive system, reproductive system,
excretory system, and circulatory system, skeletal system. These systems work
together to make up an organism.
COMPLEXITY OF ORGANIZATION IN
HIGHER ORGANISM
The complexity of organization found in higher
organisms occurs as a result of the following reasons:
1. Complex organism
evolved from simple ones, i.e the Unicellular organism evolved into
multicellular, simple to the complex and aquatic into terrestrial organisms
2. Higher organisms are considered to be more
recent than the lower organisms in coming to existence, i.e vertebrates are
recent than the invertebrates, also flowering plants are considered more recent
than non-flowering plants.
3. Complexity leads to the evolvement of better
adaptive features i.e gaseous exchange in Amoeba and Paramecium is by diffusion
while man, there is special respiratory organ i.e lungs. This can be traced in
many other systems such as transport, excretory and skeletal system. Hence,
evolution plays a prominent role in complexity of living organisms.
ADVANTAGES
OF COMPLEXITY
1. There is division of
labour
2. Cell specialization
exists for various functions
3. There is greater
efficiency in functions in the higher organisms (plants and animals)
4. The organism with
complex organization is able to attain a large body size
5. A complex organization enables an organism
to adapt itself to a large number of various habitats.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPLEXITY
1. The area volume ratio
diminishes by the complexity of organization
2. Elimination of toxic
body waste products is more difficult
3. Physiological process
such as osmosis and diffusion become difficult and eventually leads to
physiological inefficiency.
4. There is a need for
efficient coordination of different body parts i.e nervous system.
5. Longer distances are
needed to be covered before simple processes can be accomplished i.e digestion
of food
Assessment
plan. The teacher uses the following to assess the learners
Class
work
Define science
What are the usefulness
of science
What is scientific method
State the difference
between plants and animals
Home
work
Practice the steps of scientific
method using cowpea seed as describe in your note and report your finding.
Bring the sample of your experiment to school.
Multiple
choice questions.
- The
science of life is referred to as
- Anatomy
- Biology
- Ecology
- Phylogeny
- The
following life processes are common to both plant and animal
- Respiration
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Photosynthesis
- Which
of the following characteristics is not possessed by most plant
- Move
away from stimuli
- Respire
- Reproduce
- Adapt
to environment
- The
following are steps of scientific method except
- Observation
- Photosynthesis
- State
hypothesis
- Conduct
experiment.
Evaluation
Define science
Explain the usefulness of
science
Explain the meaning of
scientific method
Explain the meaning of
hypothesis, theory and law
Explain the meaning of
biology
State the usefulness of
biology
State the characteristics
of living things
State the difference
between plant and animal
Glossary
Stimuli: changes
in the surrounding and within the body.
Development: A
change in form and abilities
Autotroph: Being
able to manufacture food through photosynthesis
Hypothesis: A
reasonable explanation for a particular observation
Conclusion: Biology
is the study of life. Biology is a science because it makes use of scientific
method of investigation.
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