CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIVING THINGS

Subject: Biology

Topic: Classification of living things

Class: SS1

Age: 14+

Sex: Mixed

Instructional Materials. Textbook, specimen, pictures, 

Aim of the Lesson: To help the learner understand the various classification of living things

Anticipated Problems: Because of advancement in class, most themes might be new to the learner and might result to difficulty in understanding

Possible Solution: The teacher explains the concept in details using illustrations and real objects.

Content Objectives: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to;

1.       Explain kingdom plantea

2.       Explain animalia

Time Table fit/ previous knowledge: The learners learnt Biology as a science in their previous lesson

Set Induction: The teacher asks the student to observe the object on the table.

Differentiation Method/Multiple Intelligence: The teacher uses different teaching technique such as discussion, role playing, questioning and use of picture to ensure all the learners benefit from the lesson.

PLANT KINGDOM

The familiar green plants belong to this kingdom. Plant is non- motile multicellular organism whose cells have cellulose cell and chloroplast. The chlorophyll in the chloroplast enables plant to make their own food by photosynthesis. The plant kingdom include

1. Thallophyta
2. Bryophyte
3. Tracheophyta

Thallophyta

Example of a thallopyta is Algae

Characteristics

1. They have no roots, stem and leaves
2. Chlorophyll is present

Bryophyte

Example of a bryophyte are moss and liverwort

Characteristics

1. No true root stem or leaf
2. Have rhizoids

Tracheophyte

The tracheophte is made up of

1. Pteridophyte (fern)

Presence of true roots, stem and leaves

2. Spermatophytes

Produce pollens and form seeds.

 The spermatophyte is divided into

1. Gymnosperms

Have cones and most members possess needle leaves. 

They do not have flowers, they have naked seeds

2. Angiosperms

Have flowers and produce seeds inside fruits.
 They are flowering plants. Angiosperm is divided into

1)      Monocotyledonous plants

1. They possess one seed leaf or cotyledons, possess
2. parallel venation with narrow leaved plants, no tree except the palms

2)      Dicotyledonous plants

1. They possess two seed leaves or cotyledons,
2. possess net veined and they broad leaved plants,
3. They are herbs, shrubs and tree plants

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

The kingdom animalia is divided into vertebrate and invertebrate

The invertebrate include:

 

Phylum Protozoa e.g Amoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosome

Characteristics

1. Unicellular, acellular or non -cellular
2. They are mostly microscopic
3. Some are free -living in water while some are parasitic in animals 

Phylum Porifera e.g Sponges

Characteristics

 1. Multicellular, Sessile, and largely aquatic

2. Single body cavity with several holes

3. Body with two layers of cells

4. Skeleton is calcareous or siliceous

5. No nervous system 6. Reproduction is asexual by budding 

Phylum Coelenterata e.g Hydra, Sea anemone, Jelly fish

Characteristics

1. They are simple and Multicellular

 2. They are aquatic

3. They have two body layers

4. Organs are absent

5. Possession of nematoblast called stinging cells.

6. Asexual reproduction is by budding while sexual reproduction is by fussion of gametes.

Phylum Platyhelminthes e.g The flat worms Examples include liver fluke, tape worms, planarian

Characteristics

1. Flat and thin bodies

2. They are bilaterally symmetrical

3. They possess three body layers

4. Nervous, excretory and reproductive systems are present

5. Members are mostly hermaphrodites

 6. Members are both free -living and parasitic e.g blood fluke, liver fluke planaria

7. The body has a single opening –the mouth

Phylum Nematoda e.g (The round worm)

Characteristics

1. Long, slender and cylindrical bodies

2. Members have pointed ends

3. Presence of three body layers

4. Mouth and anus present

 5. Body covered with cuticle 6. They are bilaterally symmentrical

7. Sexes are separate

8. Members are free living and parasitic Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, Tapeworm, Guinea worm, Filaria worm, Onchocerca

Phylum Annelida

 Characteristics

1. Cylindrically elongated body

2. Three body layers

 3. Body divided into smaller segments

4. Two openings of the alimentary canal

 5. Presence of nervous, excretory, reproductive and also circulatory systems. Examples: - Nigrerian earthworms, Hiriudo, lumbricus.

 

Structure of an earthworm

Phylum Mollusca

Characteristics

1. Soft and unsegmented body

2. Three body layers

3. Body covered with calcareous shell

4. Prominent head and foot 5. Eyes and tentacles present on the head

6. The body is short and composed of a head, a ventral muscular foot and visceral humps Examples: Snail slugs

Phylum Arthropoda

Characteristics

1. They are metamerically segmented Shell eye
2. They are bilaterally symmentrical

3. They are coelomate Class Arachnida

 4. They have exoskeleton of chitin

5. They have jointed appendages

6. Fertilization is internal

There are four classes in the phylum arthropoda and they are the most widely and successfully distributed The classes in the phylum are: a.

CLASS INSECTA

Characteristics

1. A pair of jointed antennae

2. A pair of compound eyes

3. 3 body divisions, head, thorax and abdomen

4. 3 thoracic division – prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax

5. A pair of legs per thoracic division

6. Respiration by means of trachea

7. Insect s may have wings

8. They undergo metamorphosis Examples: Cockroach, Housefly, Butterfly, Grasshopper

 

Structure of a grasshopper

 

Class Myriopoda

1. Characteristics They have two body regions – Head with fused trunk and abdomen
2. The abdomen consists of many limb bearing segments
3. 3. A pair of simple eye, jaws and short antennae on the head
4.  Breathing by means of trachea The class has two sub classes i.e

a. Chiplopoda -Centipede

i.                     A pair of appendages on the segment

       b. Sub class – Diplopoda – Millipede

       i. 2 Pairs of appendages per segment

       ii. They are herbivorous

Structure of millipede and centipede

Class Arachnida

Characteristics

1. 2 body divisions -prostoma and opisthosoma (abdomen)

2. Presence of chelicerae and pedipals

3. Eight simple eyes

 4. Eight walking legs

5. Respiration by means of lung book Examples: Spider, Scorpions.

 

Class Crustacea

Characteristics

1. 2 body regions cephalothorax and abdomen

2. A pair of antennae for feeling and antennules for smelling

 3. 5 pairs of walking legs

 4. A pair of stalked compound eyes

5. Respiration by means of gills. Examples: Prawns, Shrimps, Crab, Water flea, Barnacle

Phylum Echinodermata

Characteristics

1.       Aquatic in habitat

2.       Radially symmetrical

3.       Triploblastic

4.       They are coelomate

5.        Calcareous exoskeleton

6.       Suckers and tube feet for locomotion

7.       Separate sexes Examples – Star fishes

Vertebrate

Vertebrate are divided into five classes namely.

1. Pisces
2. Eves
3. Amphibians
4. Reptiles
5. Mammals

Class Pisces- Fishes

Characteristics

1. Visceral cleft persist as gill in adult

2. Paired limb i.e pectoral and pelvic fins

 3. Well-developed lateral lines

4. Endo and exoskeleton with cycloid and placoid scales

5. External fertilization Example: Tilapia, Dog fish

Structure of a Tilapia fish

Class Amphibians

Characteristics

1. Presence of pentadactyl limbs

 2. Soft skin without scale

3. Gills at tadpole stage but lungs in the adult

4. Presence of external middle ear without external pinna

5. Fertilization is external Examples – Toad, frogs, strew and salamand

Class Reptalia (Reptiles)

 Characteristics

1. Pentadactyl limb
2. Dry skin with scale
3. Lungs as the respiratory organs
4.  Eggs with yolk and no larva stages
5.  Fertilization is internal Examples – Lizards, Snakes, Crocodile, Tortoise

Structure of a lizard

The Class Aves (Birds)

Characteristics

1. Pentadactyl limb with the fore limb modified into wings

2. Warm blooded animal

3. Feathers on the skin

4. Presence of beak but teeth is absent

5. Scales on the legs and feet

6. Lungs as respiratory organ

7. Eggs with much yolk

8. No larva stage

 9. Fertilization is internal Examples – Pigeon, Domestic fowl

Structure of a bird 

Class Mammalia

 Characteristics

 1. Pentadactyl limbs

2. Warm -blooded animal

3. Hair with sweat gland on their skin

4. Presence of mammary gland that produce milk for the young ones

5. Four- chambered hearts

6. Eggs are small and young ones develop inside their mother

7. Fertilization is internal

 8. They are viviparous

Assessment plan. The teacher uses the following to assess the learners

Class work

List and explain the sub division of the spermatophyte

Home work

Draw the structure of a tilapia fish, lizard, grasshopper and earth worm

Multiple choice questions.

1. which of the following is an example of arachnid?

A.      Spider

B.      Lizard

C.      Grasshopper

D.      Butterfly

2. The following are example of amphibian except

1. Frog
2. Toad
3. Salamand 
4. Snake

3. Fin is an adaptive feature of one of the following class of vertebrate

1. Pisces
2. Reptile
3. Amphibian
4. Mammals

Evaluation

1)      Explain kingdom plantea

2)      Explain kingdom animalia

Glossary

 Coelomate: `Animal that has a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining

Pentadactyl limbs: A limb with five digits such as human

Conclusion: The plant kingdom is divided into thallophyte, bryophyte and tracheophyte

While the animal kingdom is divided into vertebrate and invertebrate