BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON CROP PROPAGATION

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Topic: Crop Propagation Class: Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) Subject: Biology Specific Objectives By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Define crop propagation. Differentiate between sexual and asexual propagation. Identify and explain various methods of crop propagation. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Recognize common examples of crops propagated using each method. Lesson Content 1. Meaning of Crop Propagation Crop propagation refers to the process by which plants reproduce or are reproduced to give rise to new plants. This can occur naturally or be carried out artificially by farmers or agricultural scientists. It is a vital practice in agriculture that ensures the continuous production of food and other plant-based resources. 2. Types of Crop Propagation Crop propagation is broadly categorized into two main types: Sexual Propagation (Seed Propagation) Asexual Propagation (Vegetative Propagation) 3. Sexual Propa...
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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Subject: Biology

Topic: Respiratory system

Instructional  Materials. specimen, pictures, 

Aim of the Lesson: To help the learner understand the Respiratory system

Anticipated Problems: Because of advancement in class, most themes might be new to the learner and might result to difficulty in understanding.

Possible Solution: The teacher explains the concept in details using illustrations and real objects.

Content Objectives: By the of the lesson, learner should be able to;

  1.  Define respiratory system
  2. List the types of respiratory system
  3. Explains the body surfaces respiratory
  4. Explains the gill surfaces respiratory
  5. Explain the trached system respiratory
  6. Explain the lungs respiratory system
  7. Explain the mechanisms of respiration in lower animals.
  8. Explain the mechanisms of respiration in higher animals.

Time Table fit/ previous knowledge: The learners learnt about the respiratory system in their SS1 class.

Set Induction: The teacher asks the learner to breathe in and out.

Differentiation Method/Multiple Intelligence: The teacher uses different teaching technique such as discussion, role playing, questioning and use of picture to ensure all the learner benefit from the lesson.

           DEFINITION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory system is defined as the organs that are concerned with the intake of oxygen and its entry into the circulatory system.

TYPES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The following are the important gaseous exchange or respiratory structures found in protists and animals

  1. Body surfaces
  2. Gills,
  3. Tracheae
  4. Lungs.

BODY SURFACES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Unicellular organisms like the amoeba, gaseous exchange takes place through the plasma membrane. multicellular animals have larger body  surfaces for gaseous exchange than unicellular organisms Simple animals like sponges and coelenterates; their body cells are in direct contact with the surrounding. Flatworms; their body is extremely flattened and elongated. Annelids in these more advanced worms, gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion. Amphibians obtained oxygen through their moist skin

GILL SYSTEM RESPIRATORY

Gills are special respiratory organs used for absorbing dissolved oxygen from an aquatic medium. Basically, they are out growths from the body which project into the external environment. They are much closed linked with the circulatory system.

 Gills range from very simple forms found in certain sea lungs to very complex ones, enclosed in chambers found in bony fishes.

TRACHED SYSTEM RESPIRATORY

The tracheid system is found in land arthropods a very successful terrestrial animals phylum, in these animals, air enters the body through small openings called spiracles located along the sides of the body. The spiracles, trachea and tracheoles make up the tracheid system e.g flying insects.

LUNGS  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Besides arthropods the terrestrial vertebrates are the other successful group of land animals. These  animals use lungs as the gaseous exchange organs. Lungs are closely linked to the circulatory system so that oxygen can easily be transported over long distances. This enables  vertebrates to  attain the larger sizes seen in many types of mammals.

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

There are no special respiratory organs in unicellular and aquatic organisms such as amoeba and paramecium. Oxygen that dissolves in water diffuses into the body while carbon dioxide goes out of the body through the entire body surface. The cell membrane acts as the respiratory surfaces. The concentration of oxygen in water is higher than that inside the body, hence it will diffuse into all parts of the body on the other hand,  carbon dioxide inside the body is higher than that of the water, hence it will diffuse out of the body. the process of gaseous exchange in unicellular organisms is made possible by simple diffuse

Insects; insects such as cockroach, grasshopper use the tracheal system for gaseous exchange. The insects have tiny openings in their abdomen called spiracles through which oxygen diffuses into the body and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Read: Transport System

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN HIGHER ANIMALS.

Fishes- the organs for respiratory system or gaseous exchange is the gill. The gill is located at both sides of the head region. The gills which are in three or four are arranged in the gill chambers. The gill chambers is closed externally by operculum

Toad- the young toad called tadpole uses gills for gaseous exchange at the tadpole stage, the animals develop external gills through which direct diffusion of gases takes place between the animal and the respiratory medium. While in adult toad uses three different respiratory organs or system for gaseous exchange. The organs are the mouth, skin and lungs.

Mammals: most vertebrates including birds, lizard and mammals use the lungs as their only respiratory organs including man where gaseous exchanges takes place.it includes the nasal passages or nostrils, the pharnx, the larynx or voice box, the trachea or wide pipe, the bronchioles and the alveoli.

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN MAMALS

The mechanism of breathing in mammals including man involves two phases or stages. these are external and internal or tissue respiration.

Assessment plan; the teacher uses the following to access the learners.

Classwork;

Name the respiratory systems or organs

Home work

With the aid of a diagram explain respiration in mammals

Multiple choices questions

1. Which of the following animal uses the trachea system of respiration

  1. fish 
  2. man
  3. dog
  4. grasshopper

2. The gill chambers is closed externally by a structure known as 

  1. Operculum
  2. Gills cage
  3. Gills pallet       
  4. Gills racket

3. The organs that are concerns with the intake of oxygen is--------------

A. circulatory system

 B. respiratory system 

C. transport  system.

4. The ---------system are found in land arthropods.

  1. lungs    
  2. gill        
  3. .tracheid
  4. skin

Evaluation

  1. What is respiratory system?
  2. Explains the body surfaces respiratory.
  3. Explains the gill system respiratory.
  4.  Explains the tracheid system respiratory.
  5.  Explains the lungs respiratory system.
  6. Explain the mechanisms of respiration in lower animals.
  7. Explain the mechanisms of respiration in higher animals.

Glossary

Operculum:  a structure that enclosed the gill chambers

Conclusion

There are no special respiratory organs in unicellular and aquatic organisms such as amoeba and paramecium.

Comments

  1. AnonymousJanuary 20, 2025 at 12:01 PM

    What of the external and internal or tissue of respiratory system

    ReplyDelete

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