BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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WEEK 5: MAMMALIAN TEETH

TOPIC: Mammalian Teeth
MAIN AIM: To help the learners know more about the mammalian teeth
SUBSIDIARY AIM: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to;

  1. Explain the forms of mammalian test
  2. List and explain the types of teeth
  3. Explain the dental formula and adaptation
  4. Explain the enzymes

PERSONAL AIM: To keep strictly to time allotted to  each stage of the lesson
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The learners know about the teeth from their previous lessons.
TEACHING AIDS: Research work from the internet, pictures and charts
PROCEDURE: The teacher present the lesson with the following steps
STEP ONE: FORMS OF TEETH
Human beings have two sets of teeth in their lifetime.

  1. Milk teeth
  2. Permanent teeth

Milk teeth
 The first set is called the milk teeth that grow when the child is few months old. They are about twenty (20) in numbers. These include only three types of teeth i.e. Incisors, canine and premolars. They later fall off to be replaced by the second set of teeth.
Permanent Teeth
This consists of thirty-two permanent teeth. These are found in adult mammals. permanent teeth remain till old age.
STEP TWO: TYPES OF TEETH
 They are usually of four types:

  1.  Incisors,
  2.  canine,
  3. premolars
  4.  molars.

Incisors: Flat, chisel-shaped with a sharp edge. They are used for biting food, cutting and holding onto a prey to prevent its escape.
Canine: similar to the incisors. They are sharp and pointed at the tips. They are used for tearing flesh and for catching a prey.
Premolars: They are large with rigid flat surfaces which are used for chewing food.
Molars: They are used for grinding and chewing food together with the premolar
Structure of the tooth
STEP THREE: DENTAL FORMULA
A formula expressing the number and kinds of teeth possessed by a mammal. A dental formula is usually written in the form of four ‘fractions’, one for each type of tooth, with the upper and lower lines describing the upper and lower jaws respectively. Different mammals have different dental formula depending on their diet. Examples include
Man………….2[ I=2/2, C=1/1, P=2/2, M=3/3] = 32.
Dog ……………   2[ I=3/3, C=1/1, P=4/4, M=2/3] = 42.
Cow …………….2[ I=0/3, C=0/1, P=3/3, M=3/3] = 32.
Lion…………… 2[ I=3/3, C=1/1, P=3/2, M=1/1] = 30.
Rabbit     …………… 2[I= 2/1, C= 0/0, P=3/2, M=3/3] =28.
Sheep ……………..     2[I=0/3, C=0/1, P= 3/3, M= 3/3] =32.
Rat ……………..     2[I=1/1, C= 0/0, P=0/0, M=3/3] = 16
  


Dental formula in Man

STEP FOUR: ENZYMES.

  • Enzymes can be defined as organic catalyst produced in living cell, which speed up the rate of chemical reaction in the body of living organisms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
1. Enzymes are specific in action
Only small quantity of enzyme is required for action
2. Enzymes do not loose the chemical composition after reaction
3. Enzymes has specific temperature for their action i.e 370c are protein in nature
4. Enzymes are sensitive to PH
5. Action of enzyme is irreversible
6. Enzymes are produced by the  of the system requiring them
7.They are required in small quantity
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
Proteases - digest protein
Amylases - digest starches and sugar
Lipases - digest fats and oils
Celluloses - act on cellulose
IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES

  1. Enzymes speed up and control biochemical reactions
  2. They play large roles in energy production
  3. Enzymes are useful in industries e.g for baking
  4. Enzymes are important in the manufacture of certaglandin drugs

EVALUATION:

  1. Explain the forms of mammalian test
  2. List and explain the types of teeth
  3. Explain the dental formula and adaptation
  4. Explain the enzymes

CONCLUSION: The teacher concludes the lessson by summarizing the topic from the begining and give assignment to the learner.
ASSIGNMENT:
Class work
List the types of teeth
             Explain the forms of teeth
Home work
Write six importance of enzyme
 

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