BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON NUTRIENT CYCLING IN NATURE

 TOPIC: Nutrient cycling in nature

MAIN AIM: To help the learner understand the concept of nutrient cycling

SUBSIDIARY AIM: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

  1. Explain Nutrient cycling in nature
  2. Explain the process cycling 
  3. Importance of carbon in nature 
  4. Explain the Carbon-oxygen balance
  5. Explain Water cycle
  6. Explain the Process of water cycling in nature
  7. Explain the Importance of water to living organism

PERSONAL AIM: To keep strictly to time allotted to each stage of the lesson.

TEACHING AIDS: Pictures on nutrient cycling 

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The students have learnt the concept of nutrition in their previous lessons.

PROCEDURE: The teacher presents the lesson with the following steps.

INTRODUCTION: Displays the picture of nutrient cycling.

STEP 1: Explanation of Nutrient Cycling in Nature

Nutrient cycling refers to the movement of certain nutrient like nitrogen, carbon, water and other elements in the environment. The part along which the atom or element pass is called a cycle.

Picture of Nutrient Cycling in Nature showing water cycle, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle

Pictures of Nutrient Cycling 

STEP 2: Process of cycling

The processes are 

  1. Carbondioxide is removed from the air mainly by photosynthesis during which plant uses it to manufacture their food.
  2. Carbon is lost inform of carbonate of calcium and magnesium through leaching.
  3. The atmosphere gain carbondioxide through:
  4. Burning of fuel like coal and wood.
  5. The actions of volcanoes which release carbondioxide. 
  6. The respiration by plant and animal.
  7. The diffusion of carbondioxide from sea and other bodies of water acting as reservoir of carbon dioxide. 

STEP 3: Importance of carbon in nature

  1. Plant uses carbon dioxide obtained from the air to manufacture their food during photosynthesis.
  2. It provides carbon which is the major building block of all organic matter.
  3. It helps to purify the atmosphere and maintain atom sphere level of carbon dioxide.
  4. Organic matter which is made from carbon helps to replenish soil nutrient. 

STEP 4: Carbon-oxygen balance

  1. Oxygen constitutes 1/5 or 21 percent of the gases in the atmosphere. Respiration, decay and combustion are the processes which remove oxygen from the atmosphere. While photosynthesis is the process that release oxygen into the atmosphere. 
  2. Human activities such as deforestation led to the release of less oxygen into the atmosphere while less carbondioxide is remove from the atmosphere.
  3. Increase in the combustion of fuel, respiration and decay lead to the removal of more oxygen from the atmosphere while more carbondioxide is added.

As a result of the above activities oxygen level in atmosphere decrease while carbondioxide level increase.

STEP 5: Water cycle

Water cycle can be defined as the continuous removal of water   from the atmosphere to earth and from the earth back to the atmosphere.

STEP 6: Process of water cycling in nature

  1. The atmosphere receive water through
  2. Evaporation from ocean and lands 
  3. Transpiration from plants 
  4. Breathing or respiration by plants and animals
  5. The land receive water through 
  6. Rainfall or precipitation 
  7. Infiltration and percolation 

STEP 7: Importance of water to living organism

  1. Water is very important to living organism both plant and animals in various ways.
  2. Water provides the medium for absorption of dissolved minerals salt by plant.
  3. Water is an essential raw material in the process of photosynthesis.
  4. It acts as a solvent for soluble food substance in digestion of food.
  5. It acts as a medium of transport for plant nutrients 
  6. It constitutes a large portion of the blood 
  7. Water aids excretion of waste products by plant and animal
  8. Water regulates body temperature 
  9. It maintains osmotic content of body tissue 
  10. Water is required for seed germination 
  11. Water provides a natural habitat for aquatic organisms

Evaluation 

  1. Explain Nutrient cycling in nature
  2. Explain the process cycling 
  3. Importance of carbon in nature 
  4. Explain the Carbon-oxygen balance
  5. Explain Water cycle
  6. Explain the Process of water cycling in nature
  7. Explain the Importance of water to living organism

Conclusion 

Nutrient cycling refers to the movement of certain nutrient like nitrogen, carbon, water and other elements in the environment.

ASSIGNMENT 

Draw a diagram to illustrate water and carbon cycle 

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