BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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WEEK 6: BASIC ECOOGICAL CONCEPTS

TOPIC: Basic Ecological Concept
MAIN AIM: To help the learners understand the Ecological Concept
SUBSIDIARY AIM: By the end  of the lesson, learners should be able to;

  1. Define of Ecology
  2. Explain the various  terms in Ecology
  3. List and explain the  Components of the ecosystem
  4. Explain the Local Biomes in Nigeria

PERSONAL AIM: To keep strictly to time allotted to  each stage of the lesson
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: The learners know about ecology from their previous lesson
TEACHING AIDS: Research work from the internet, pictures and charts
PROCEDURE: The teacher present the lesson with the following steps
STEP ONE: ECOLOGY
Ecology is the study of the relationship between organisms and their external environment. It involves the measurement of factors affecting the environment and the distribution of the organisms in that particular environment.
STEP TWO: TERMS IN ECOLOGY
Environment: This is the surroundings of an organism.
Biosphere: the part of the earth that supports life (i.e soil, air, and water)
Habitat: A particular place where living organism lives
Niche: the role an organism plays particularly in the course of interacting with one another.
 Population: Total number of a particular organism of a specific specie living together in a given habitat
Biotic Community (Biome): A group of organisms living together and interacting together in a given area.
Ecosystem: interaction between living components in a given
community in which energy is used and recirculated. It is a natural unit.
Lithosphere: The earth crust
Hydrosphere: the water bodies e.g. ocean, lake, seas, rivers, stream e.t.c
 Atmosphere: the envelope of gases surrounding the earth.

STEP THREE: COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEM
ABIOTIC FACTORS: These are the basic factors that actually support lives in an ecosystem. They are:
1. The organic factor: the real food materials e.g. carbohydrate, protein, e.t.c
2.Inorganic factors i.e. oxygen needed for respiratory
3. The climatic factors e.g. rainfall, light, Temperature e.t.c
4. The adaphic factor i.e. soil, soil profile, texture, topography e.t.c
 BIOTIC FACTORS:
These are the living factor in a given ecosystem. These are
food

  1.  Maternity
  2.  Emigration
  3. War/ diaster
  4. Producers
  5. Mortality

STEP FOUR: BIOMES
Biomes are large natural terrestrial (land) ecosystems. It is the largest community of organisms interacting with the non-living environment. Biomes are identified by their vegetation. Examples include forest, desert, savannas, etc.
Local Biomes in Nigeria
This can be grouped into two major zones

  1. The forest zone
  2. Savanna zone

The forest zone: This is made up of vegetations having mainly trees, they include:
Mangrove swamp:
A forest of tall woody trees with aerial roots. Plants here include the white and red mangroves, raffia palms and coconut.Mangrove swamps are found in states like the Delta, Cross River, Bayelsa etc.  Rainfall is heavy usually above 2500mm and the average monthly temperature is around 26ºc for most months of the year.
Tropical Rainforest:
Consists of tall trees with buttress roots, with evergreen and broad leaves. The trees exist in canopies i.e. different layers. The mean annual temperature is 27ºc while the mean total annual rainfall is 2000mm. These forests are found in states like Oyo, Edo, Cross River, Ogun, Ondo, Imo and Rivers State.
Savanna zone:
This is made up mainly of grasses and includes
Southern Guinea Savanna: Consists mainly of tall grasses, with a few tall trees with broad leaves. The trees are scattered and deciduous. Examples include the locust beans trees, shear-butter and isobelina. It has a moderate rainfall of between 100-150cm per annum. They are located in Enugu, Kogi, Benue, Kwara, Osun, Oyo, Ebonyi, and Ekiti state
 Sudan Savanna: This has short but numerous grasses. The trees are scattered, short and deciduous. The trees have thorns while others have thick barks. The trees include acacia, date palm, baobab and silk cotton plants.The rainfall is low, about 50-100cm per annum. They may be found in states like plateau, Kaduna, Bauchi, Niger, Taraba, Adamawa and Kano
Sahel Savanna: It has very short and scanty grasses. There are short and tough shrubs or trees. The plants are mainly drought resistant and scattered examples include acacia, gum arabic and date palm.
The temperature is very high and rainfall is very low, below 50cm per annum. It may be found in States like Bornu, Katsina, Sokoto, Yobe, Kebbi, Zamfara, Kano and Jigawa

EVALUATION:

  1. Define of Ecology
  2. Explain the various  terms in Ecology
  3. List and explain the  Components of the ecosystem
  4. Explain the Local Biomes in Nigeria

CONCLUSION: The teacher concludes the lesson by summarizing the topic from the beginning and give assignment to the learners.
ASSIGNMENT:
Class work
Define Ecology
Explain Biosphere, habitat, Environment
Home work
Draw the map of Nigeria and show the local biomes in Nigeria
 

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