JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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2026 NECO Biology Practical Specimens, Questions and Answers (Complete Guide)


The National Examinations Council (NECO) has officially released the Biology practical specimens for the 2026 Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE). Candidates preparing for the Biology practical examination should familiarize themselves with these specimens, their identifying features, functions, classifications, adaptive characteristics, and economic importance.

This comprehensive guide explains all the official 2026 NECO Biology practical specimens and provides revision questions and answers to help candidates prepare effectively.

Official 2026 NECO Biology Practical Specimens

The following specimens have been provided for the 2026 NECO Biology Practical Examination:

  • Specimen A – Pelvic Girdle of Rabbit/Small Mammal
  • Specimen B – Cervical Vertebra of Rabbit/Small Mammal
  • Specimen C – Caudal Vertebra of Rabbit/Small Mammal
  • Specimen D – Transverse Section of Pawpaw Fruit
  • Specimen E – Transverse Section of Guava Fruit
  • Specimen F – Quill Feather
  • Specimen G – Agama Lizard
  • Specimen H – Rat/Rabbit
  • Specimen I – Quadrat
  • Specimen J – Sweeping Net
  • Specimen K – Housefly
  • Specimen L – Pride of Barbados Fruit/Pod
  • Specimen M – Cashew Nut
  • Specimen N – Millipede
  • Specimen O – Crab
  • Specimen P – Sorghum Grain

Specimen A: Pelvic Girdle of Rabbit

Identifying Features

  • Strong bony structure
  • Large opening called obturator foramen
  • Acetabulum present
  • Composed of fused bones

Functions

  • Supports body weight
  • Provides attachment for hind limbs
  • Protects internal organs

Questions and Answers

Q1. Name the bones that fuse to form the pelvic girdle.

Answer:

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis

Q2. State two functions of the pelvic girdle.

Answer:

  • Supports body weight.
  • Provides attachment for hind limbs.

Specimen B: Cervical Vertebra

Features

  • Small centrum
  • Vertebrarterial canal present
  • Large neural canal

Functions

  • Supports the head
  • Allows neck movement

Specimen C: Caudal Vertebra

Features

  • Small size
  • Reduced neural spine
  • Found in tail region

Functions

  • Supports the tail
  • Provides flexibility

Specimen D: Pawpaw Fruit (T.S.)

Classification

  • Fruit

Placentation

  • Parietal placentation

Economic Importance

  • Source of vitamins
  • Consumed as food
  • Medicinal uses

Specimen E: Guava Fruit (T.S.)

Classification

  • Fruit

Placentation

  • Axile placentation

Economic Importance

  • Rich source of Vitamin C
  • Consumed fresh and processed

Difference Between Pawpaw and Guava

Pawpaw Guava
Parietal placentation Axile placentation
Large central cavity Seeds attached centrally
Soft flesh Firmer flesh

Specimen F: Quill Feather

Features

  • Hollow shaft
  • Rachis present
  • Barbs and barbules present

Functions

  • Flight
  • Steering
  • Balance

Specimen G: Agama Lizard

Adaptive Features

  • Dry scales prevent water loss
  • Strong limbs aid movement
  • Claws assist climbing

Classification

  • Phylum: Chordata
  • Class: Reptilia

Specimen H: Rat/Rabbit

Features

  • Body covered with hair
  • External ears present
  • Mammary glands present

Classification

  • Class Mammalia

Specimen I: Quadrat

Uses

  • Estimating plant population
  • Studying distribution of organisms
  • Ecological sampling

Specimen J: Sweeping Net

Uses

  • Collecting insects
  • Sampling organisms in grassland habitats

Specimen K: Housefly

Features

  • One pair of wings
  • Compound eyes
  • Three body regions

Mouthpart

  • Sponging mouthpart

Classification

  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Class Insecta

Specimen L: Pride of Barbados Fruit/Pod

Features

  • Dry fruit
  • Contains seeds
  • Splits when mature

Fruit Type

  • Legume

Specimen M: Cashew Nut

Features

  • Kidney-shaped seed
  • Hard seed coat

Economic Importance

  • Food
  • Oil production
  • Export crop

Specimen N: Millipede

Features

  • Cylindrical body
  • Two pairs of legs per segment

Classification

  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Class Diplopoda

Specimen O: Crab

Features

  • Hard exoskeleton
  • Jointed appendages
  • Pair of claws

Classification

  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Class Crustacea

Specimen P: Sorghum Grain

Economic Importance

  • Human food
  • Livestock feed
  • Industrial uses

Classification

  • Family Poaceae

NECO Biology Practical Preparation Tips

  1. Learn the identifying features of each specimen.
  2. Study classification and economic importance.
  3. Practice biological drawings and labeling.
  4. Understand adaptive features of animals and plants.
  5. Revise previous NECO Biology practical questions.

Conclusion

The 2026 NECO Biology practical examination will test candidates' ability to identify specimens, explain their functions, classify organisms, and discuss their economic importance. Proper study of these official specimens will greatly improve performance in the examination.

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