JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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2026 NECO Physics Practical Apparatus, Questions and Answers (Complete Guide)

2026 NECO Physics Practical Apparatus, Questions and Answers (Complete Guide)

The National Examinations Council (NECO) has officially released the Physics practical apparatus and materials for the 2026 Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE). Candidates are expected to perform experiments involving mechanics, optics, and electricity while taking accurate measurements, recording observations, plotting graphs, and making calculations.

This comprehensive guide explains the official 2026 NECO Physics practical apparatus, their uses, important formulas, and likely areas of concentration for candidates preparing for the examination.

Official 2026 NECO Physics Practical Apparatus

The Physics practical examination consists of three main questions covering:

  • Mechanics
  • Optics
  • Electricity

Question 1: Mechanics Practical

Candidates will be provided with:

Apparatus

  • Retort Stand
  • Spirit Spring
  • Mass Hanger (40g)
  • Slotted Masses (20g, 40g, 60g and 80g)
  • Stopwatch

Aim of the Experiment

To investigate the relationship between load and extension or to determine a physical quantity involving oscillation and elasticity.

Functions of the Apparatus

Spirit Spring

Used to measure extension caused by applied loads.

Mass Hanger

Used for suspending weights on the spring.

Slotted Masses

Provide varying loads for the experiment.

Retort Stand

Supports the spring and experimental setup.

Stopwatch

Measures time during oscillation experiments.

Important Physics Concepts

Hooke's Law

Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.

Formula:

F = ke

Where:

  • F = Force
  • k = Spring Constant
  • e = Extension

Force Formula

F = mg

Where:

  • F = Force
  • m = Mass
  • g = Acceleration due to gravity

Precautions

  • Read measurements at eye level.
  • Ensure the spring hangs vertically.
  • Avoid parallax error.
  • Record readings accurately.

Question 2: Optics Practical

Candidates will be supplied with:

Apparatus

  • Rectangular Glass Prism
  • Drawing Board
  • Drawing Paper
  • Optical Pins
  • Thumb Pins

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the path of light through a glass prism and determine optical properties.

Functions of the Apparatus

Rectangular Glass Prism

Used to refract light rays.

Optical Pins

Used to trace the path of light.

Drawing Board

Provides a firm working surface.

Thumb Pins

Hold the drawing sheet in position.

Important Concepts in Optics

Refraction

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.

Refractive Index

Formula:

Refractive Index = Sin i / Sin r

Where:

  • i = Angle of Incidence
  • r = Angle of Refraction

Laws of Refraction

  1. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in the same plane.
  2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.

Common Observations

  • Light bends when entering glass.
  • The angle of refraction differs from the angle of incidence.
  • The emergent ray may be parallel to the incident ray.

Question 3: Electricity Practical

Candidates will be provided with:

Apparatus

  • Resistance Box
  • Key (Switch)
  • Voltmeter (0–3V)
  • Ammeter (0–2A)
  • Connecting Wires
  • 2V Accumulator or Two Dry Cells

Aim of the Experiment

To investigate the relationship between current, voltage and resistance.

Functions of the Apparatus

Ammeter

Measures electric current.

Voltmeter

Measures potential difference.

Resistance Box

Provides variable resistance.

Key (Switch)

Controls current flow.

Connecting Wires

Connect circuit components.

Accumulator/Dry Cells

Supply electrical energy.

Important Electrical Formulas

Ohm's Law

V = IR

Where:

  • V = Voltage
  • I = Current
  • R = Resistance

Resistance Formula

R = V/I

Electrical Power

P = VI

Where:

  • P = Power
  • V = Voltage
  • I = Current

Physics Practical Graphs

Candidates may be required to:

  • Plot graphs
  • Determine gradients
  • Calculate intercepts
  • Draw best-fit lines

Tips for Graph Drawing

  • Use sharp pencils.
  • Label axes correctly.
  • Choose suitable scales.
  • Plot points accurately.

Frequently Asked Physics Practical Questions

What Instrument Measures Current?

Answer: Ammeter.

What Instrument Measures Voltage?

Answer: Voltmeter.

State Ohm's Law.

Answer: The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it provided temperature remains constant.

What Causes Refraction?

Answer: Change in the speed of light as it moves from one medium to another.

State Hooke's Law.

Answer: The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.

How to Score High in NECO Physics Practical

Learn All Apparatus

Know their names, functions and symbols.

Practice Graph Plotting

Many marks are awarded for accurate graphs.

Master Calculations

Understand formulas for electricity, optics and mechanics.

Observe Carefully

Record readings accurately and avoid estimation errors.

Revise Previous Practical Questions

Many practical concepts are repeated yearly.

Conclusion

The 2026 NECO Physics Practical Examination focuses on mechanics, optics, and electricity. Candidates should understand the functions of all apparatus, master the required formulas, and practice calculations and graph plotting. Adequate preparation and careful observation during the examination will significantly improve performance.

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