JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM (JSS2 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

Third Term

Week

Week 2

Topic

The Human Skeletal System

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Human skeleton model
  • Charts showing the human skeleton
  • Pictures of axial and appendicular skeleton
  • Bones (real or artificial)
  • Flash cards of different bones
  • Video clips on the skeletal system

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define the skeletal system.
  2. Explain the meaning of skeleton.
  3. Identify the major bones in the human body.
  4. State the divisions of the human skeleton.
  5. State the functions of the skeletal system.
  6. Explain the importance of bones to the body.

Introduction

The human body is supported by a framework of bones called the skeleton. The skeleton gives the body shape, supports body organs, and helps in movement.

Without the skeleton, the human body would be soft and unable to stand upright.

The study of bones is called Osteology.

Meaning of Skeleton

A skeleton is the hard framework of bones and cartilages that supports and protects the body.

Meaning of Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the body system made up of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints that support the body and enable movement.

Composition of the Human Skeleton

The human skeleton consists of:

  1. Bones
  2. Cartilages
  3. Ligaments
  4. Joints

Bones

Bones are hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton.

An adult human being has 206 bones.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a tough and flexible tissue found at joints and some body parts.

Examples:

  • Nose
  • Ear
  • End of long bones

Ligaments

Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect bones to bones.

Joints

Joints are places where two or more bones meet.

Divisions of the Human Skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into:

  1. Axial Skeleton
  2. Appendicular Skeleton

1. Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.

It consists of:

a. Skull

The skull protects the brain and forms the structure of the face.

The skull consists of:

  • Cranium (brain box)
  • Facial bones

b. Vertebral Column (Backbone)

The vertebral column supports the body and protects the spinal cord.

It is made up of 33 vertebrae.

The vertebrae are grouped into:

Region Number
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacral vertebrae 5 (fused)
Coccygeal vertebrae 4 (fused)

c. Rib Cage

The rib cage consists of:

  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Sternum (breastbone)

Functions:

  • Protects the heart and lungs
  • Helps in breathing

2. Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones attached to the axial skeleton.

It includes:

a. Pectoral Girdle

Connects the upper limbs to the body.

It consists of:

  • Clavicle (collar bone)
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)

b. Upper Limbs

Major bones include:

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

c. Pelvic Girdle

Connects the lower limbs to the body.

Functions:

  • Supports body weight
  • Protects reproductive organs

d. Lower Limbs

Major bones include:

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system performs the following functions:

1. Support

It provides a framework that supports the body.

2. Protection

Bones protect delicate organs.

Examples:

  • Skull protects the brain.
  • Rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
  • Vertebral column protects the spinal cord.

3. Movement

Bones work together with muscles to produce movement.

4. Shape and Structure

The skeleton gives the body its shape.

5. Blood Cell Production

Red bone marrow produces:

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets

6. Storage of Minerals

Bones store minerals such as:

  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus

Care of the Skeletal System

To maintain healthy bones:

  1. Eat calcium-rich foods.
  2. Exercise regularly.
  3. Maintain good posture.
  4. Avoid carrying heavy loads improperly.
  5. Avoid accidents and injuries.
  6. Get adequate sunlight for vitamin D.

Disorders of the Skeletal System

Some disorders include:

1. Fracture

A fracture is a break in a bone.

Causes:

  • Falls
  • Accidents
  • Sports injuries

2. Rickets

A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.

Symptoms:

  • Weak bones
  • Bowed legs

3. Arthritis

Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Observation of Skeleton Chart

Observe the chart and identify major bones.

Conclusion: The human skeleton is made up of many bones arranged systematically.

Activity 2: Counting Vertebrae

Use a chart to identify the five regions of the vertebral column.

Conclusion: The vertebral column is divided into different regions with specific functions.

Activity 3: Identifying Bones

Touch different parts of your body and identify the bones beneath.

Conclusion: Bones give support and shape to the body.

Conclusion

The human skeletal system is the framework of the body made up of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. It supports the body, protects internal organs, enables movement, and stores minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. Define skeleton.
  2. What is the skeletal system?
  3. State the divisions of the human skeleton.
  4. Mention the components of the skeletal system.
  5. State five functions of the skeleton.
  6. Name the bones of the upper limb.
  7. What is the function of the rib cage?
  8. How many bones are in an adult human body?
  9. State three skeletal disorders.
  10. Explain how to care for the skeletal system.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. The hard framework of the body is called ______.
    A. muscle
    B. skeleton
    C. skin
    D. tissue

Answer: B

  1. An adult human being has ______ bones.
    A. 106
    B. 206
    C. 306
    D. 406

Answer: B

  1. The skeleton is divided into ______ parts.
    A. one
    B. two
    C. three
    D. four

Answer: B

  1. The skull protects the ______.
    A. lungs
    B. heart
    C. brain
    D. liver

Answer: C

  1. The vertebral column protects the ______.
    A. stomach
    B. spinal cord
    C. lungs
    D. kidney

Answer: B

  1. The rib cage protects the ______.
    A. heart and lungs
    B. liver and stomach
    C. kidney and bladder
    D. eyes and ears

Answer: A

  1. The longest bone in the body is the ______.
    A. tibia
    B. fibula
    C. femur
    D. humerus

Answer: C

  1. Cartilage is found in the ______.
    A. nose
    B. liver
    C. stomach
    D. kidney

Answer: A

  1. Bones store ______.
    A. vitamins only
    B. minerals
    C. water only
    D. oxygen

Answer: B

  1. A break in a bone is called ______.
    A. arthritis
    B. rickets
    C. fracture
    D. sprain

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Define the skeletal system and explain its functions.
  2. Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton.
  3. Describe the structure of the vertebral column.
  4. State the functions of bones in the human body.
  5. Explain three disorders of the skeletal system.

Assignment

  1. Draw and label the human skeleton.
  2. List ten major bones in the body and their functions.
  3. Explain how to maintain healthy bones.

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