JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON AIR AND ITS COMPOSITION (JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS1

Term

Second Term

Week

Week 6

Topic

Air and Its Composition

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Glass jar
  • Candle
  • Basin or bowl of water
  • Balloon
  • Syringe
  • Chart showing composition of air
  • Matches
  • Limewater
  • Candle stand
  • Plastic bottle

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define air.
  2. State the importance of air.
  3. Identify the components of air.
  4. Explain the composition of air.
  5. Demonstrate that air occupies space.
  6. Explain that air has weight.
  7. State uses of different components of air.

Introduction

Air is one of the most important substances on Earth. It is all around us, although we cannot see it. Without air, living things such as humans, animals, and plants cannot survive.

Air plays a major role in breathing, burning, weather formation, and plant growth.

Understanding air and its composition helps us to know how the environment works.

Meaning of Air

Air is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth.

It is colourless, odourless, tasteless, and invisible, but it occupies space and has weight.

Properties of Air

Air has the following properties:

  1. Air occupies space
  2. Air has weight
  3. Air can be compressed
  4. Air exerts pressure
  5. Air is invisible

Air Occupies Space

Air takes up space.

Demonstration:

When a balloon is blown, it expands because air fills it.

Air Has Weight

Air has mass and weight.

Demonstration:

A balloon filled with air weighs more than an empty balloon.

Air Can Be Compressed

Air can be squeezed into a smaller space.

Example:

Air in a syringe becomes compressed when the plunger is pushed.

Air Exerts Pressure

Air pushes against objects.

Example:

Wind blowing against trees or pressure in tyres.

Composition of Air

Air is not a single substance. It is a mixture of gases.

The main components of air are:

1. Nitrogen (about 78%)

  • The largest component of air
  • Important for plant growth (through nitrogen cycle)
  • Not directly used by humans for breathing

2. Oxygen (about 21%)

  • Needed for breathing
  • Supports burning (combustion)
  • Essential for survival of animals and humans

3. Carbon Dioxide (about 0.03%)

  • Used by plants during photosynthesis
  • Produced during respiration and burning

4. Water Vapour (variable amount)

  • Responsible for humidity
  • Forms clouds and rain

5. Noble Gases (e.g. Argon, Helium)

  • Present in very small amounts
  • Mostly inactive (do not react easily)

6. Dust and Smoke Particles

  • Present in small amounts
  • Can cause air pollution

Table Showing Composition of Air

Gas Percentage Importance
Nitrogen 78% Plant growth
Oxygen 21% Breathing and burning
Carbon dioxide 0.03% Photosynthesis
Other gases 0.97% Inert gases
Water vapour Variable Rain formation

Importance of Air

Air is very important because:

  1. It supports breathing in humans and animals
  2. It is needed for combustion (burning)
  3. It is used by plants for photosynthesis
  4. It helps in weather formation
  5. It supports sound transmission
  6. It regulates temperature on Earth

Air Supports Combustion

Oxygen in air supports burning.

Example:

A candle burns in air but goes out when air is removed.

Air Occupies Space (Demonstration)

When an inverted glass is placed in water, water does not enter immediately because air is trapped inside.

This proves that air occupies space.

Air Has Weight (Demonstration)

Two balloons are balanced on a stick.

When one is filled with air, it becomes heavier and tilts the stick.

Pollution of Air

Air can be polluted by harmful substances such as:

  • Smoke from factories
  • Vehicle exhaust fumes
  • Burning waste
  • Dust particles

Effects of Air Pollution

  1. Causes respiratory diseases
  2. Reduces visibility
  3. Harms plants and animals
  4. Causes global warming

Uses of Components of Air

Oxygen

  • Used in hospitals
  • Used for breathing
  • Used in welding and burning

Nitrogen

  • Used in fertilizer production
  • Used in food preservation

Carbon Dioxide

  • Used in fire extinguishers
  • Used by plants

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Air Occupies Space

Place an inverted glass into water.

Observation: Water does not enter the glass easily.

Conclusion: Air occupies space.

Activity 2: Air Has Weight

Weigh two balloons, one filled and one empty.

Observation: Filled balloon is heavier.

Conclusion: Air has weight.

Activity 3: Air Supports Burning

Place a candle in a container and cover it.

Observation: Candle goes off after some time.

Conclusion: Oxygen is needed for burning.

Conclusion

Air is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. It is essential for life and contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases. Air has weight, occupies space, and supports combustion. Understanding air helps us appreciate its importance in everyday life.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is air?
  2. State three properties of air.
  3. Mention the main components of air.
  4. What percentage of oxygen is in air?
  5. Why is oxygen important?
  6. What is the importance of nitrogen?
  7. State two uses of carbon dioxide.
  8. Explain how air occupies space.
  9. What is air pollution?
  10. State two effects of air pollution.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Air is a ______.
    A. solid
    B. liquid
    C. mixture of gases
    D. compound

Answer: C

  1. The highest percentage of air is ______.
    A. oxygen
    B. nitrogen
    C. carbon dioxide
    D. hydrogen

Answer: B

  1. Oxygen supports ______.
    A. freezing
    B. burning
    C. melting
    D. rusting only

Answer: B

  1. Air is ______.
    A. visible
    B. tasteless
    C. coloured
    D. solid

Answer: B

  1. Air occupies ______.
    A. time only
    B. space
    C. sound
    D. heat

Answer: B

  1. Carbon dioxide is used by plants for ______.
    A. respiration
    B. photosynthesis
    C. digestion
    D. burning

Answer: B

  1. Air can be ______.
    A. destroyed
    B. compressed
    C. frozen only
    D. solidified

Answer: B

  1. Burning of candles is supported by ______.
    A. nitrogen
    B. oxygen
    C. carbon dioxide
    D. helium

Answer: B

  1. Air pollution is caused by ______.
    A. clean water
    B. smoke and dust
    C. oxygen only
    D. plants

Answer: B

  1. Air has ______.
    A. no weight
    B. no space
    C. weight
    D. no particles

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Define air and explain its composition.
  2. Describe the properties of air with examples.
  3. Explain how air occupies space and has weight.
  4. Discuss the importance of air to living things.
  5. Explain air pollution and its effects.

Assignment

  1. Draw and label the composition of air.
  2. List five uses of air in daily life.
  3. Explain three ways air can be polluted.

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