JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON FORCE AND ITS EFFECTS (JSS2 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

Second Term

Week

Week 8

Topic

Force and Its Effects

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Spring balance
  • Rubber band
  • Ball
  • Book
  • Magnet
  • Toy car
  • Chart showing types of forces
  • Chalkboard illustrations

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define force.
  2. Identify different types of force.
  3. State the effects of force on objects.
  4. Explain contact and non-contact forces.
  5. Demonstrate how force can change motion.
  6. State units of force.
  7. Mention daily applications of force.

Introduction

Force is part of our everyday life. We use force when pushing a door, lifting a bucket of water, kicking a ball, or pulling a chair.

Without force, objects would remain at rest and there would be no movement or change in shape or direction.

Meaning of Force

Force is a push or pull acting on an object that can change its state of rest or motion.

Force can also change the shape, direction, or speed of an object.

Types of Force

1. Contact Forces

These are forces that require physical contact between objects.

Examples:

  • Frictional force
  • Muscular force
  • Tension force
  • Air resistance

2. Non-Contact Forces

These are forces that act without physical contact.

Examples:

  • Gravitational force
  • Magnetic force
  • Electrostatic force

Effects of Force

Force can produce several effects on objects:

1. Change the State of Motion

  • It can move a stationary object.
  • It can stop a moving object.

2. Change the Speed of an Object

  • Make an object move faster or slower

3. Change the Direction of Motion

  • Example: Kicking a moving ball changes its direction

4. Change the Shape of an Object

  • Squeezing a sponge
  • Stretching a rubber band

5. Cause Rotation

  • Turning a door knob
  • Rotating wheels

Units of Force

The SI unit of force is the Newton (N).

Force is measured using a spring balance.

Frictional Force

Friction is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.

Examples:

  • Walking on ground
  • Braking a bicycle

Advantages of Friction

  1. Helps us walk without slipping
  2. Helps vehicles stop
  3. Enables writing

Disadvantages of Friction

  1. Causes wear and tear
  2. Produces heat in machines
  3. Reduces efficiency of machines

Gravity

Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the Earth.

Examples:

  • Falling of objects
  • Rain falling from clouds

Magnetic Force

This is the force of attraction or repulsion between magnets.

Applications of Force in Daily Life

  1. Opening and closing doors
  2. Playing sports
  3. Lifting objects
  4. Driving vehicles
  5. Construction work
  6. Using machines

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Pushing and Pulling

Push and pull a table.

Observation: The table moves when force is applied.

Conclusion: Force causes motion.

Activity 2: Stretching Rubber Band

Stretch a rubber band.

Observation: The rubber band changes shape.

Conclusion: Force can change shape.

Activity 3: Friction Test

Slide a book on a table surface.

Observation: The book slows down and stops.

Conclusion: Friction opposes motion.

Conclusion

Force is a push or pull that can change the motion, direction, speed, or shape of an object. It plays a very important role in everyday activities and natural phenomena.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. Define force.
  2. State four effects of force.
  3. Differentiate between contact and non-contact forces.
  4. Mention three examples of contact forces.
  5. State three examples of non-contact forces.
  6. What is friction?
  7. Mention two advantages of friction.
  8. State the unit of force.
  9. Name the instrument used to measure force.
  10. Give five uses of force in daily life.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Force is a ______ or pull.
    A. push
    B. sound
    C. light
    D. heat

Answer: A

  1. The SI unit of force is ______.
    A. watt
    B. joule
    C. Newton
    D. ampere

Answer: C

  1. A force that opposes motion is called ______.
    A. gravity
    B. friction
    C. magnetism
    D. energy

Answer: B

  1. Gravity is a ______ force.
    A. contact
    B. non-contact
    C. frictional
    D. muscular

Answer: B

  1. Force can change the ______ of an object.
    A. colour only
    B. shape
    C. smell
    D. taste

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is a contact force?
    A. gravity
    B. magnetism
    C. friction
    D. electrostatic force

Answer: C

  1. A spring balance is used to measure ______.
    A. mass
    B. length
    C. force
    D. volume

Answer: C

  1. Force can cause objects to ______.
    A. disappear
    B. remain unchanged
    C. move
    D. turn invisible

Answer: C

  1. Magnetic force is an example of ______ force.
    A. contact
    B. non-contact
    C. frictional
    D. muscular

Answer: B

  1. Friction is useful in ______.
    A. slipping
    B. walking
    C. floating
    D. melting

Answer: B

Essay Questions

  1. Define force and state its effects.
  2. Explain contact and non-contact forces with examples.
  3. What is friction? State its advantages and disadvantages.
  4. Describe how force can change the motion of an object.
  5. Explain the importance of force in daily life.

Assignment

  1. List five examples of force in daily activities.
  2. Draw and label a spring balance.
  3. Explain three effects of force with examples.

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