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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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JAMB Physics Past Questions and Answers (CBT Practice)

Introduction

Physics in JAMB (UTME) involves the study of matter, energy, motion, forces, waves, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics. It is highly calculation-based and requires strong understanding of formulas and problem-solving skills. This CBT practice set contains 100 JAMB-standard Physics objective questions with properly shuffled options A–D and correct answers.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Instruction: Choose the correct option A–D.

1–25: Mechanics and Motion

  1. The SI unit of force is
    A. joule B. newton C. watt D. pascal
    Answer: B

  2. Velocity is defined as
    A. distance/time B. displacement/time C. force/time D. work/time
    Answer: B

  3. Acceleration is the rate of change of
    A. distance B. velocity C. force D. energy
    Answer: B

  4. The instrument used to measure time is
    A. thermometer B. stopwatch C. barometer D. ammeter
    Answer: B

  5. A body at rest remains at rest due to
    A. gravity B. inertia C. friction D. force
    Answer: B

  6. Newton’s first law is also called law of
    A. motion B. inertia C. energy D. gravitation
    Answer: B

  7. Force is equal to
    A. mass × acceleration B. mass ÷ time C. velocity × time D. work ÷ distance
    Answer: A

  8. The unit of work is
    A. watt B. joule C. newton D. pascal
    Answer: B

  9. Work is done when
    A. force moves an object B. object is at rest C. no force acts D. energy is destroyed
    Answer: A

  10. Power is defined as
    A. work/time B. force × distance C. mass × velocity D. energy × time
    Answer: A

  11. SI unit of power is
    A. joule B. watt C. newton D. ampere
    Answer: B

  12. Momentum is
    A. mass × velocity B. force × time C. energy × time D. mass ÷ velocity
    Answer: A

  13. The principle of conservation of momentum applies when
    A. force acts externally B. no external force acts C. energy is lost D. motion stops
    Answer: B

  14. Gravitational force depends on
    A. mass only B. distance only C. mass and distance D. velocity
    Answer: C

  15. Weight is measured in
    A. joule B. newton C. watt D. kilogram
    Answer: B

  16. Mass is measured in
    A. newton B. kilogram C. joule D. watt
    Answer: B

  17. The acceleration due to gravity is approximately
    A. 9.8 m/s² B. 8.9 m/s² C. 10.8 m/s² D. 7.8 m/s²
    Answer: A

  18. Friction always acts
    A. in direction of motion B. opposite motion C. upward D. downward
    Answer: B

  19. The SI unit of pressure is
    A. joule B. pascal C. watt D. newton
    Answer: B

  20. Pressure is defined as
    A. force × area B. force/area C. mass × volume D. energy/time
    Answer: B

  21. A scalar quantity is
    A. force B. velocity C. speed D. acceleration
    Answer: C

  22. A vector quantity has
    A. magnitude only B. direction only C. magnitude and direction D. no magnitude
    Answer: C

  23. Speed is
    A. displacement/time B. distance/time C. force/time D. energy/time
    Answer: B

  24. Displacement is
    A. scalar B. vector C. force D. energy
    Answer: B

  25. The motion of a freely falling body is
    A. uniform B. accelerated C. circular D. random
    Answer: B

26–50: Heat, Waves and Sound

  1. Heat is a form of
    A. matter B. energy C. force D. mass
    Answer: B

  2. SI unit of heat is
    A. joule B. watt C. newton D. pascal
    Answer: A

  3. Temperature is measured in
    A. joule B. kelvin C. newton D. watt
    Answer: B

  4. Thermometer measures
    A. heat B. temperature C. pressure D. energy
    Answer: B

  5. Heat transfer by direct contact is
    A. radiation B. conduction C. convection D. reflection
    Answer: B

  6. Heat transfer in fluids is
    A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. diffusion
    Answer: B

  7. Heat transfer through vacuum is
    A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. evaporation
    Answer: C

  8. Boiling point of water is
    A. 0°C B. 50°C C. 100°C D. 120°C
    Answer: C

  9. Freezing point of water is
    A. 0°C B. 10°C C. 100°C D. 50°C
    Answer: A

  10. Sound travels fastest in
    A. air B. vacuum C. solid D. liquid
    Answer: C

  11. Sound cannot travel in
    A. air B. liquid C. solid D. vacuum
    Answer: D

  12. Frequency of sound is measured in
    A. watt B. hertz C. joule D. newton
    Answer: B

  13. Loudness of sound depends on
    A. amplitude B. frequency C. speed D. wavelength
    Answer: A

  14. Pitch of sound depends on
    A. amplitude B. frequency C. energy D. pressure
    Answer: B

  15. Echo is caused by
    A. reflection of sound B. absorption C. refraction D. diffraction
    Answer: A

  16. Light travels in
    A. waves B. straight lines C. circles D. vacuum only
    Answer: B

  17. Speed of light is approximately
    A. 3 × 10⁸ m/s B. 3 × 10⁶ m/s C. 3 × 10⁵ m/s D. 3 × 10⁷ m/s
    Answer: A

  18. Reflection occurs when light
    A. bends B. bounces back C. passes through D. disappears
    Answer: B

  19. Refraction is
    A. bending of light B. reflection of light C. absorption D. emission
    Answer: A

  20. Lens is used to
    A. reflect light B. refract light C. block light D. absorb light
    Answer: B

  21. Convex lens is also called
    A. diverging lens B. converging lens C. flat lens D. curved mirror
    Answer: B

  22. Concave lens is
    A. converging B. diverging C. reflecting D. absorbing
    Answer: B

  23. Image formed by plane mirror is
    A. real B. inverted C. virtual D. enlarged only
    Answer: C

  24. Shadows are formed due to
    A. reflection B. refraction C. rectilinear propagation D. diffraction
    Answer: C

  25. White light consists of
    A. one colour B. seven colours C. black and white D. two colours
    Answer: B

51–100: Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

  1. Unit of electric current is
    A. volt B. ampere C. ohm D. watt
    Answer: B

  2. Electric current is flow of
    A. protons B. electrons C. neutrons D. atoms
    Answer: B

  3. SI unit of resistance is
    A. volt B. ohm C. ampere D. watt
    Answer: B

  4. Ohm’s law states V =
    A. IR B. I/R C. R/I D. I²R
    Answer: A

  5. Electric power =
    A. VI B. V/I C. IR D. I²
    Answer: A

  6. Fuse is used to
    A. increase current B. protect circuit C. store electricity D. generate power
    Answer: B

  7. Battery converts
    A. light to electricity B. chemical energy to electrical energy C. heat to light D. sound to electricity
    Answer: B

  8. A conductor allows
    A. no current B. easy flow of current C. light only D. heat only
    Answer: B

  9. Insulator is
    A. wood B. copper C. aluminium D. iron
    Answer: A

  10. Magnetic force is strongest at
    A. center B. poles C. middle D. sides only
    Answer: B

  11. Like poles
    A. attract B. repel C. neutralize D. combine
    Answer: B

  12. Unlike poles
    A. repel B. attract C. cancel D. destroy
    Answer: B

  13. Earth behaves like a
    A. magnet B. conductor C. insulator D. battery
    Answer: A

  14. Transformer is used to
    A. store energy B. step up/down voltage C. generate heat D. measure current
    Answer: B

  15. Electric field surrounds
    A. mass B. charge C. light D. heat
    Answer: B

  16. SI unit of charge is
    A. volt B. coulomb C. ohm D. ampere
    Answer: B

  17. Proton has
    A. negative charge B. positive charge C. no charge D. neutral charge
    Answer: B

  18. Electron has
    A. positive charge B. negative charge C. no charge D. neutral charge
    Answer: B

  19. Neutron is
    A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. charged
    Answer: C

  20. Nuclear fission is
    A. splitting nucleus B. joining nucleus C. breaking atoms D. energy loss
    Answer: A

  21. Nuclear fusion is
    A. splitting atoms B. joining nuclei C. breaking bonds D. cooling atoms
    Answer: B

  22. Radiation can be stopped by
    A. paper only B. lead C. glass only D. water only
    Answer: B

  23. Alpha particle has
    A. no charge B. positive charge C. negative charge D. neutral
    Answer: B

  24. Beta particle is
    A. electron B. proton C. neutron D. photon
    Answer: A

  25. Gamma rays are
    A. particles B. waves C. atoms D. electrons
    Answer: B

  26. Unit of frequency is
    A. hertz B. joule C. watt D. ohm
    Answer: A

  27. Wavelength is distance between
    A. peaks B. troughs C. two consecutive crests D. all of the above
    Answer: D

  28. Wave speed formula is
    A. fλ B. f/λ C. λ/f D. f + λ
    Answer: A

  29. Electric bulb converts
    A. heat to light B. electricity to light and heat C. light to electricity D. sound to light
    Answer: B

  30. Kilowatt-hour is unit of
    A. power B. energy C. force D. current
    Answer: B

  31. Alternating current is
    A. constant B. changes direction C. no current D. direct flow
    Answer: B

  32. Direct current flows in
    A. both directions B. one direction C. no direction D. random direction
    Answer: B

  33. Generator converts
    A. electricity to heat B. mechanical to electrical energy C. heat to light D. sound to electricity
    Answer: B

  34. Solar energy comes from
    A. moon B. sun C. earth D. stars only
    Answer: B

  35. Renewable energy includes
    A. coal B. petroleum C. solar D. diesel
    Answer: C

  36. Non-renewable energy is
    A. wind B. solar C. coal D. hydro
    Answer: C

  37. Energy cannot be
    A. created B. destroyed C. transformed D. stored
    Answer: B

  38. Law of conservation of energy states energy is
    A. created B. destroyed C. conserved D. lost
    Answer: C

  39. Efficiency is
    A. output/input ×100 B. input/output C. force × distance D. mass × velocity
    Answer: A

  40. Simple machine makes work
    A. harder B. easier C. impossible D. slower
    Answer: B

  41. Lever is a
    A. simple machine B. complex machine C. generator D. conductor
    Answer: A

  42. Pulley is used to
    A. store energy B. lift loads C. generate light D. measure force
    Answer: B

  43. Inclined plane is
    A. flat surface B. sloped surface C. curved surface D. vertical surface
    Answer: B

  44. Efficiency is always less than
    A. 50% B. 75% C. 100% D. 200%
    Answer: C

  45. Work done depends on
    A. force and distance B. time only C. speed only D. mass only
    Answer: A

  46. Unit of energy is
    A. watt B. joule C. ampere D. ohm
    Answer: B

  47. Pressure in liquid increases with
    A. depth B. height C. speed D. temperature only
    Answer: A

  48. Density =
    A. mass/volume B. volume/mass C. force/area D. energy/time
    Answer: A

  49. SI unit of density is
    A. kg/m³ B. m/s C. N/m² D. J/s
    Answer: A

  50. Physics is the study of
    A. living things B. matter and energy C. chemicals only D. plants only
    Answer: B

EXAM SUCCESS TIPS

  • Master all formulas (motion, electricity, waves)
  • Practice calculation-based questions daily
  • Understand units and conversions
  • Learn graphs and interpretations
  • Revise past JAMB CBT questions
  • Focus on weak topics repeatedly
  • Practice under timed conditions
  • Memorize key physical laws
  • Avoid careless arithmetic errors
  • Always show step-by-step thinking during practice

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