JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE (JSS1 FIRST TERM)

Week 7: Cells and Cell Structure

Topic:

Basic Science Lesson Note on Cells and Cell Structure

Class:

JSS1 (Junior Secondary School 1)

Specific Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define a cell.
  2. Explain the cell as the basic unit of life.
  3. Identify the parts of a typical cell.
  4. State the functions of each part of the cell.
  5. Differentiate between plant and animal cells (basic introduction).
  6. Appreciate the importance of cells in living organisms.

Lesson Content:

1. Meaning of Cell

A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life. It is the basic building block of all living things.

All living organisms, whether plants or animals, are made up of one or more cells.

2. Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

The cell is called the basic unit of life because:

  • All living things are made up of cells
  • Cells carry out all life processes
  • New cells come from existing cells

3. Types of Cells

There are two main types of organisms based on cells:

  • Unicellular organisms: Organisms made up of one cell only (e.g. Amoeba, bacteria)
  • Multicellular organisms: Organisms made up of many cells (e.g. humans, mango tree, dog)

4. Structure of a Typical Cell

A basic cell has the following parts:

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Cell wall (in plant cells only)
  • Vacuole

5. Functions of Cell Parts

(a) Cell Membrane

  • Surrounds and protects the cell
  • Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

(b) Cytoplasm

  • Jelly-like substance inside the cell
  • Holds cell parts in place
  • Site of chemical reactions

(c) Nucleus

  • Controls all activities of the cell
  • Contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Acts as the brain of the cell

(d) Cell Wall (Plant cells only)

  • Gives shape and support to plant cells
  • Protects the cell

(e) Vacuole

  • Stores water, food, and waste
  • Larger in plant cells than animal cells

6. Importance of Cells

Cells are important because they:

  • Make up all living things
  • Carry out life processes
  • Help in growth and repair of the body
  • Help organisms function properly

7. Cell Theory (Basic Introduction)

The cell theory states that:

  • All living things are made up of cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells

Conclusion:

Cells are the smallest units of life and form the foundation of all living organisms. Understanding cells helps students to understand how living things grow, function, and survive.

Evaluation (Objective Questions):

  1. The basic unit of life is the
    A. Tissue
    B. Organ
    C. Cell
    D. System
    Answer: C

  2. Which of the following is a unicellular organism?
    A. Human
    B. Dog
    C. Amoeba
    D. Tree
    Answer: C

  3. The control center of the cell is the
    A. Cytoplasm
    B. Nucleus
    C. Cell wall
    D. Vacuole
    Answer: B

  4. The jelly-like substance in a cell is called
    A. Nucleus
    B. Cytoplasm
    C. Skin
    D. Bone
    Answer: B

  5. The cell membrane is responsible for
    A. Food digestion
    B. Controlling entry and exit of substances
    C. Movement of bones
    D. Producing blood
    Answer: B

  6. Plant cells have a
    A. Stomach
    B. Cell wall
    C. Brain
    D. Heart
    Answer: B

  7. Vacuole is used for
    A. Movement
    B. Storage of substances
    C. Breathing
    D. Digestion
    Answer: B

  8. Multicellular organisms are made up of
    A. One cell
    B. Many cells
    C. No cells
    D. Rocks
    Answer: B

  9. Which of these is NOT part of a cell?
    A. Nucleus
    B. Cytoplasm
    C. Cell wall
    D. Road
    Answer: D

  10. Cells are important because they
    A. Destroy organisms
    B. Make up living things
    C. Stop growth
    D. Remove air
    Answer: B

Essay Questions:

  1. Define a cell.
  2. Explain why a cell is called the basic unit of life.
  3. List five parts of a typical cell.
  4. State the functions of the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  5. Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
  6. Explain the importance of cells in living things.

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