JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM (JSS2 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

First Term

Week

Week 10

Topic

Excretory System

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Charts showing human excretory system
  • Diagram of the kidney and urinary system
  • Model of human body systems
  • Pictures of sweat glands and lungs
  • Flash cards of excretory organs
  • Video clips showing waste removal in the body

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define excretion.
  2. Explain the meaning of excretory system.
  3. Identify organs of excretion in humans.
  4. State the functions of excretory organs.
  5. Distinguish between excretion and egestion.
  6. Describe how waste is removed from the body.
  7. State the importance of excretion in living things.

Introduction

Living organisms carry out life processes such as digestion, respiration, and metabolism. These processes produce waste materials that must be removed from the body.

If these wastes are not removed, they can become poisonous and harmful to the body.

The process of removing metabolic waste is called excretion.

Meaning of Excretion

Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism are removed from the body of living organisms.

Excretory System

The excretory system is a group of organs responsible for removing waste products from the body.

Excretory Organs in Humans

The main excretory organs include:

  1. Kidneys
  2. Lungs
  3. Skin
  4. Liver

1. Kidneys

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the lower back.

Functions:

  • Remove urea and other nitrogenous wastes from blood
  • Produce urine
  • Regulate water and salt balance

2. Lungs

Functions:

  • Remove carbon dioxide
  • Remove water vapour during breathing

3. Skin

The skin helps in excretion through sweat glands.

Functions:

  • Removes excess water
  • Removes salts and small amounts of urea
  • Helps regulate body temperature

4. Liver

Functions:

  • Breaks down old red blood cells
  • Converts harmful ammonia to urea
  • Detoxifies harmful substances

Structure of the Urinary System

The urinary system includes:

  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra

Functions

Ureters

  • Transport urine from kidneys to bladder

Urinary Bladder

  • Stores urine temporarily

Urethra

  • Passes urine out of the body

Difference Between Excretion and Egestion

Excretion Egestion
Removal of metabolic waste Removal of undigested food
Done by kidneys, lungs, skin Done by anus
Waste includes urea, CO₂ Waste is faeces
Essential for survival Not metabolic waste

Importance of Excretion

  1. Removes toxic waste from the body
  2. Maintains body balance (homeostasis)
  3. Prevents diseases
  4. Regulates water and salt levels
  5. Keeps the body healthy

Process of Urine Formation

  1. Blood enters the kidney
  2. Waste materials are filtered
  3. Useful substances are reabsorbed
  4. Urine is formed
  5. Urine passes to bladder via ureter
  6. It is expelled through urethra

Excretion in Plants

Plants also excrete waste materials through:

  • Stomata (oxygen and water vapour)
  • Lenticels (gaseous exchange)
  • Roots (some waste products released into soil)

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Chart Observation

Observe the diagram of the human urinary system.

Conclusion: Kidneys play a major role in waste removal.

Activity 2: Breathing Demonstration

Breathe out on a mirror and observe condensation.

Conclusion: Lungs excrete water vapour and carbon dioxide.

Activity 3: Sweat Observation

After exercise, observe sweating.

Conclusion: Skin helps in excretion.

Conclusion

Excretion is an important life process that removes harmful waste products from the body. The kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver all work together to maintain a healthy internal environment.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is excretion?
  2. Define excretory system.
  3. List four excretory organs in humans.
  4. State the function of the kidneys.
  5. What is the role of the lungs in excretion?
  6. State two functions of the skin in excretion.
  7. Differentiate between excretion and egestion.
  8. Describe how urine is formed.
  9. State the importance of excretion.
  10. Mention two excretory processes in plants.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Excretion is the removal of ______.
    A. undigested food
    B. metabolic waste
    C. food particles
    D. water only

Answer: B

  1. The main excretory organ in humans is the ______.
    A. heart
    B. kidney
    C. liver
    D. stomach

Answer: B

  1. The lungs remove ______.
    A. oxygen only
    B. carbon dioxide
    C. food
    D. blood

Answer: B

  1. Sweat is produced by the ______.
    A. brain
    B. skin
    C. liver
    D. kidney

Answer: B

  1. Urine is stored in the ______.
    A. kidney
    B. ureter
    C. bladder
    D. lung

Answer: C

  1. Egestion is the removal of ______.
    A. urine
    B. faeces
    C. sweat
    D. carbon dioxide

Answer: B

  1. The tube that carries urine out of the body is the ______.
    A. ureter
    B. urethra
    C. kidney
    D. bladder

Answer: B

  1. One function of the liver is to ______.
    A. pump blood
    B. produce sweat
    C. detoxify harmful substances
    D. digest food

Answer: C

  1. Plants excrete waste through ______.
    A. kidneys
    B. stomata
    C. heart
    D. bones

Answer: B

  1. Excretion helps to ______.
    A. increase waste
    B. maintain health
    C. stop breathing
    D. reduce growth

Answer: B

Essay Questions

  1. Define excretion and explain its importance.
  2. Describe the human excretory system.
  3. State the functions of the kidneys, lungs, and skin.
  4. Differentiate between excretion and egestion.
  5. Explain how urine is formed in the body.

Assignment

  1. Draw and label the human excretory system.
  2. List four excretory organs and their functions.
  3. Explain how the skin helps in excretion.

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