JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON NUTRITION IN LIVING THINGS (JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS1

Term

Second Term

Week

Week 9

Topic

Nutrition in Living Things

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Chart showing types of nutrition
  • Green leaves
  • Bread or biscuit
  • Pictures of animals and plants
  • Fertilizer samples
  • Soil sample
  • Food items (yam, rice, beans, fish, meat)
  • Flashcards

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define nutrition.
  2. State the importance of nutrition.
  3. Identify types of nutrition in living things.
  4. Explain autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
  5. List examples of organisms under each type of nutrition.
  6. Explain the importance of balanced diet.

Introduction

All living things need food to survive. Food provides energy, helps growth, and repairs damaged body tissues.

The process by which living things obtain and use food is called nutrition.

Without proper nutrition, living things cannot survive or function well.

Meaning of Nutrition

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain food and use it for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance of the body.

Importance of Nutrition

Nutrition is important because it:

  1. Provides energy for daily activities
  2. Helps growth and development
  3. Repairs worn-out body tissues
  4. Strengthens the immune system
  5. Maintains good health
  6. Supports reproduction

Types of Nutrition

There are two main types of nutrition:

  1. Autotrophic nutrition
  2. Heterotrophic nutrition

1. Autotrophic Nutrition

Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition in which organisms make their own food using simple substances like water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.

These organisms are called autotrophs.

Examples of Autotrophs

  • Green plants
  • Algae
  • Some bacteria (e.g. photosynthetic bacteria)

Process of Autotrophic Nutrition

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight.

Equation:

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll)

Importance of Autotrophic Nutrition

  1. Produces food for plants
  2. Produces oxygen for animals
  3. Maintains balance of gases in the atmosphere
  4. Forms the base of the food chain

2. Heterotrophic Nutrition

Heterotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition in which organisms cannot make their own food and depend on other organisms for food.

These organisms are called heterotrophs.

Examples of Heterotrophs

  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Some bacteria

Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

1. Holozoic Nutrition

Organisms take in solid food, digest it and absorb nutrients.

Example: Humans and animals

2. Saprophytic Nutrition

Organisms feed on dead and decaying matter.

Example: Fungi like mushrooms

3. Parasitic Nutrition

Organisms feed on other living organisms (hosts) and harm them.

Example: Tapeworm, lice

Balanced Diet

A balanced diet is a meal that contains all the food nutrients in the right proportion.

Food Nutrients Include:

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats and oils
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Fibre (roughage)

Importance of Balanced Diet

  1. Promotes healthy growth
  2. Provides energy
  3. Prevents diseases
  4. Improves body immunity
  5. Maintains body functions

Malnutrition

Malnutrition occurs when a person does not eat enough food or lacks some nutrients.

Types of Malnutrition:

  • Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency)
  • Marasmus (lack of food generally)

Effects of Malnutrition

  1. Weak body
  2. Stunted growth
  3. Poor health
  4. Increased disease risk

Importance of Nutrition in Living Things

  1. Provides energy
  2. Supports growth
  3. Repairs body tissues
  4. Maintains life processes
  5. Enables reproduction

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Observation of Green Plants

Observe leaves of green plants.

Conclusion: Plants prepare their own food using sunlight.

Activity 2: Food Classification

Group food items into nutrients.

Conclusion: Different foods contain different nutrients.

Activity 3: Chart Discussion

Show types of nutrition chart.

Conclusion: Students identify autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Conclusion

Nutrition is essential for the survival of all living things. Plants and some organisms make their own food (autotrophic), while animals and humans depend on other organisms for food (heterotrophic). A balanced diet is important for good health and proper body functioning.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is nutrition?
  2. State two types of nutrition.
  3. Define autotrophic nutrition.
  4. Give examples of autotrophs.
  5. Define heterotrophic nutrition.
  6. List three types of heterotrophic nutrition.
  7. What is a balanced diet?
  8. Mention five nutrients in food.
  9. State three importance of nutrition.
  10. What is malnutrition?

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Nutrition is the process of ______.
    A. breathing only
    B. obtaining and using food
    C. moving only
    D. sleeping

Answer: B

  1. Organisms that make their own food are called ______.
    A. heterotrophs
    B. autotrophs
    C. parasites
    D. consumers

Answer: B

  1. Green plants perform ______ nutrition.
    A. heterotrophic
    B. autotrophic
    C. parasitic
    D. saprophytic

Answer: B

  1. Saprophytic organisms feed on ______.
    A. living plants
    B. dead matter
    C. sunlight
    D. water only

Answer: B

  1. Humans are ______.
    A. autotrophs
    B. heterotrophs
    C. producers
    D. plants

Answer: B

  1. A balanced diet contains ______.
    A. only carbohydrates
    B. only proteins
    C. all nutrients
    D. only fats

Answer: C

  1. Kwashiorkor is caused by lack of ______.
    A. water
    B. protein
    C. oxygen
    D. fat

Answer: B

  1. Photosynthesis occurs in ______.
    A. animals
    B. plants
    C. fungi
    D. insects

Answer: B

  1. Parasitic organisms ______.
    A. make food
    B. feed on dead matter
    C. feed on living hosts
    D. eat sunlight

Answer: C

  1. Malnutrition means ______.
    A. eating too much food
    B. lack of proper nutrition
    C. exercise
    D. digestion

Answer: B

Essay Questions

  1. Define nutrition and explain its importance.
  2. Describe autotrophic nutrition with examples.
  3. Explain heterotrophic nutrition and its types.
  4. What is a balanced diet and why is it important?
  5. Discuss malnutrition and its effects on the body.

Assignment

  1. List five autotrophs and five heterotrophs.
  2. Draw a simple food chain.
  3. Write five examples of food nutrients and their functions.

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