JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON MAGNETISM AND ITS USES (JSS1 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS1

Term

Third Term

Week

Week 8

Topic

Magnetism and Its Uses

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Bar magnet
  • Horseshoe magnet
  • Iron nails
  • Pins or paper clips
  • Compass
  • Iron filings (optional demonstration)
  • Plastic ruler
  • Wooden block
  • Chart showing magnetic field lines

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define magnetism.
  2. Identify materials that are attracted to magnets.
  3. State the properties of magnets.
  4. Explain magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
  5. Demonstrate attraction and repulsion of magnets.
  6. State uses of magnets in daily life.
  7. Describe the Earth as a magnet.

Introduction

Magnetism is a force that attracts certain materials like iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt. Magnets are found in many objects we use every day such as speakers, compasses, and electric motors.

Magnets can pull some objects without touching them.

Meaning of Magnetism

Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion produced by a magnet.

Meaning of a Magnet

A magnet is a material that can attract magnetic substances like iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt.

Types of Magnets

  1. Permanent magnets
  2. Temporary magnets
  3. Electromagnets

1. Permanent Magnets

Magnets that retain their magnetic properties for a long time.

Examples:

  • Bar magnet
  • Horseshoe magnet

2. Temporary Magnets

Magnets that lose their magnetism quickly after removal of magnetic field.

3. Electromagnets

Magnets produced when electric current passes through a coil of wire.

Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Materials

Materials that are attracted to magnets.

Examples:

  • Iron
  • Steel
  • Nickel
  • Cobalt

Non-Magnetic Materials

Materials that are not attracted to magnets.

Examples:

  • Wood
  • Plastic
  • Glass
  • Rubber

Properties of Magnets

  1. Magnets attract magnetic materials
  2. Like poles repel each other
  3. Unlike poles attract each other
  4. Magnets have two poles (North and South)
  5. A magnet is strongest at its poles

Magnetic Poles

Every magnet has two poles:

  • North Pole (N)
  • South Pole (S)

Earth as a Magnet

The Earth behaves like a giant magnet with a North and South pole.

This is why a compass always points north.

Uses of Magnets

  1. Used in compasses for navigation
  2. Used in electric motors
  3. Used in speakers and microphones
  4. Used in cranes to lift heavy iron materials
  5. Used in refrigerators (door seals)
  6. Used in magnetic locks

Importance of Magnetism

  1. Helps in navigation
  2. Supports industrial machines
  3. Improves communication devices
  4. Used in medical equipment
  5. Makes lifting heavy metals easier

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Attraction Test

Bring a magnet near iron nails and plastic objects.

Observation: Nails are attracted; plastic is not.

Conclusion: Magnets attract only magnetic materials.

Activity 2: Poles Interaction

Bring two magnets close together.

Observation: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

Conclusion: Magnets have polarity.

Activity 3: Compass Activity

Use a compass to find direction.

Observation: Needle points north.

Conclusion: Earth behaves like a magnet.

Conclusion

Magnetism is a force that attracts or repels certain materials. Magnets have two poles and are widely used in daily life for navigation, industries, and electrical devices.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is magnetism?
  2. Define a magnet.
  3. List four magnetic materials.
  4. List four non-magnetic materials.
  5. State three properties of magnets.
  6. What happens when like poles are brought together?
  7. What is an electromagnet?
  8. Mention three uses of magnets.
  9. Why is the Earth called a magnet?
  10. State two importance of magnetism.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Magnetism is a ______.
    A. sound
    B. force
    C. liquid
    D. gas

Answer: B

  1. Magnets attract ______ materials.
    A. wooden
    B. magnetic
    C. plastic
    D. glass

Answer: B

  1. Like poles ______ each other.
    A. attract
    B. repel
    C. destroy
    D. ignore

Answer: B

  1. Unlike poles ______ each other.
    A. repel
    B. attract
    C. vanish
    D. rotate

Answer: B

  1. A compass is used for ______.
    A. cooking
    B. navigation
    C. cleaning
    D. writing

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is magnetic?
    A. plastic
    B. wood
    C. iron
    D. rubber

Answer: C

  1. A magnet is strongest at its ______.
    A. center
    B. poles
    C. edges
    D. middle only

Answer: B

  1. Earth behaves like a ______.
    A. battery
    B. magnet
    C. bulb
    D. wire

Answer: B

  1. Electromagnets are produced using ______.
    A. heat
    B. light
    C. electricity
    D. water

Answer: C

  1. Non-magnetic materials include ______.
    A. iron
    B. steel
    C. plastic
    D. cobalt

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Define magnetism and explain its importance.
  2. Describe types of magnets with examples.
  3. Explain properties of magnets.
  4. Differentiate between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
  5. Discuss uses of magnets in daily life.

Assignment

  1. List five magnetic and five non-magnetic materials.
  2. Draw and label a bar magnet.
  3. Explain how a compass works.

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