JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON CELLS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT (JSS2 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

First Term

Week

Week 3

Topic

Cells and Their Environment

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Microscope
  • Prepared slides of plant and animal cells
  • Onion bulb
  • Toothpick
  • Charts showing plant and animal cells
  • Drawing of cells and their parts
  • Diagram of the environment of cells

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define a cell.
  2. Explain the cell as the basic unit of life.
  3. Identify the parts of a cell and their functions.
  4. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.
  5. Define the environment of a cell.
  6. Explain how cells interact with their environment.
  7. State the importance of cells to living organisms.

Introduction

All living organisms are made up of tiny units called cells. Cells are so small that most of them cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope to observe them.

The cell is the building block of life because every living thing starts as a single cell or is made up of many cells.

Cells live in an environment where they obtain nutrients, oxygen, and water, and where they remove waste products.

Meaning of a Cell

A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism.

It is the basic unit of life because all living things are made up of cells.

The Cell Theory

The cell theory states that:

  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. New cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Types of Cells

There are two main types of cells:

  1. Plant cells
  2. Animal cells

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

The major parts of a cell are:

1. Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a thin covering that surrounds the cell.

Functions:

  • Protects the cell
  • Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

2. Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell.

Functions:

  • Holds cell organelles
  • Site for many chemical reactions

3. Nucleus

The nucleus is the control centre of the cell.

Functions:

  • Controls cell activities
  • Contains hereditary materials (genes)

Parts Found Mainly in Plant Cells

4. Cell Wall

The cell wall is a rigid outer covering found only in plant cells.

Functions:

  • Gives shape to the cell
  • Protects the cell
  • Provides support

5. Chloroplast

Chloroplast contains chlorophyll.

Functions:

  • Enables plants to make food by photosynthesis

6. Vacuole

A vacuole is a sac-like structure filled with cell sap.

Functions:

  • Stores food and water
  • Maintains cell pressure

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell
Has cell wall No cell wall
Has chloroplast No chloroplast
Large vacuole Small vacuoles
Usually rectangular Usually round or irregular
Makes food Cannot make food

Environment of the Cell

The environment of a cell is the surrounding in which the cell lives and carries out its activities.

The environment supplies:

  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Nutrients
  • Minerals

It also receives:

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Waste products

Interaction Between Cells and Their Environment

Cells continuously exchange materials with their environment.

Cells take in:

  • Oxygen for respiration
  • Water
  • Nutrients
  • Minerals

Cells remove:

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea and other waste products

Importance of Cells

Cells are important because:

  1. They form the body of living organisms.
  2. They carry out life processes.
  3. They help organisms grow and develop.
  4. They enable reproduction.
  5. They repair damaged tissues.

Levels of Organization in Living Things

Living things are organized in the following order:

Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Example:

  • Muscle cell → Muscle tissue → Heart → Circulatory system → Human being

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Observation of Onion Cells

Observe a prepared slide of onion cells under a microscope.

Observation: Small rectangular cells are seen.

Conclusion: Living things are made up of cells.

Activity 2: Observation of Cheek Cells

Scrape the inner cheek gently and observe under a microscope.

Observation: Irregular-shaped cells are observed.

Conclusion: Animal cells differ from plant cells.

Activity 3: Drawing Cells

Draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell.

Conclusion: Plant and animal cells have similarities and differences.

Conclusion

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. All living things are made up of cells. Cells live in an environment where they obtain nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products. Plant and animal cells have different structures but perform similar life functions.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is a cell?
  2. State the cell theory.
  3. Mention the three main parts of a cell.
  4. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.
  5. What is the function of the nucleus?
  6. State two functions of the cell membrane.
  7. What is the environment of a cell?
  8. List materials obtained by cells from their environment.
  9. State three importance of cells.
  10. Explain the levels of organization in living things.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. The basic unit of life is the ______.
    A. tissue
    B. organ
    C. cell
    D. system

Answer: C

  1. The control centre of the cell is the ______.
    A. cytoplasm
    B. nucleus
    C. vacuole
    D. cell wall

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is found only in plant cells?
    A. nucleus
    B. cytoplasm
    C. chloroplast
    D. cell membrane

Answer: C

  1. The jelly-like substance in the cell is called ______.
    A. vacuole
    B. chloroplast
    C. cytoplasm
    D. nucleus

Answer: C

  1. The cell wall is present in ______.
    A. animal cells only
    B. plant cells only
    C. all cells
    D. bacterial cells only

Answer: B

  1. Cells obtain oxygen and nutrients from their ______.
    A. nucleus
    B. membrane
    C. environment
    D. cytoplasm

Answer: C

  1. Which of these is NOT a part of an animal cell?
    A. nucleus
    B. cytoplasm
    C. chloroplast
    D. cell membrane

Answer: C

  1. A group of similar cells forms a ______.
    A. tissue
    B. organ
    C. organism
    D. system

Answer: A

  1. New cells arise from ______.
    A. tissues
    B. organs
    C. pre-existing cells
    D. systems

Answer: C

  1. Which instrument is used to observe cells?
    A. Telescope
    B. Microscope
    C. Thermometer
    D. Barometer

Answer: B

Essay Questions

  1. Define a cell and explain why it is called the basic unit of life.
  2. Explain the cell theory.
  3. Draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell.
  4. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.
  5. Explain how cells interact with their environment.

Assignment

  1. Draw a well-labelled diagram of a plant cell.
  2. Draw a well-labelled diagram of an animal cell.
  3. State five differences between plant and animal cells.

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