JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON TISSUES, ORGANS, AND SYSTEMS (JSS2 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

First Term

Week

Week 4

Topic

Tissues, Organs, and Systems

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Charts showing human body systems
  • Diagram of tissues, organs, and organ systems
  • Microscope and prepared slides (if available)
  • Human skeleton chart
  • Heart model or picture
  • Charts of plant tissues and organs

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define tissue, organ, and system.
  2. Explain the levels of organization in living things.
  3. Identify different types of tissues in plants and animals.
  4. State examples of organs and systems in humans.
  5. Explain the functions of tissues, organs, and systems.
  6. Differentiate between tissues, organs, and systems.
  7. State the importance of organ systems to living organisms.

Introduction

Living things are made up of cells. Cells that perform similar functions group together to form tissues. Different tissues combine to form organs, and organs work together to form systems.

These systems perform various functions necessary for survival.

The organization of living things follows a definite order called the levels of organization.

Levels of Organization in Living Things

The levels of organization are:

Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Example in Humans

  • Muscle cell → Muscle tissue → Heart → Circulatory system → Human being

Example in Plants

  • Plant cell → Xylem tissue → Root → Root system → Plant

Meaning of Tissue

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Types of Animal Tissues

There are four major animal tissues:

  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Muscular tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Connective tissue

1. Epithelial Tissue

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines internal organs.

Functions:

  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion

Examples:

  • Skin
  • Lining of the stomach

2. Muscular Tissue

This tissue is responsible for movement.

Functions:

  • Body movement
  • Movement of internal organs

Examples:

  • Muscles of the arms and legs
  • Heart muscles

3. Nervous Tissue

This tissue carries messages throughout the body.

Functions:

  • Controls body activities
  • Responds to stimuli

Examples:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves

4. Connective Tissue

This tissue connects and supports body parts.

Functions:

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Transportation of substances

Examples:

  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Cartilage

Plant Tissues

The major plant tissues include:

  1. Epidermal tissue
  2. Xylem tissue
  3. Phloem tissue
  4. Meristematic tissue

Functions of Plant Tissues

Epidermal Tissue

  • Protects plant surfaces.

Xylem Tissue

  • Transports water and mineral salts.

Phloem Tissue

  • Transports manufactured food.

Meristematic Tissue

  • Responsible for plant growth.

Meaning of Organ

An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

Examples of Human Organs

  • Heart
  • Brain
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Stomach
  • Skin

Functions of Some Human Organs

Heart

  • Pumps blood throughout the body.

Brain

  • Controls body activities.

Lungs

  • Responsible for breathing.

Kidney

  • Removes waste from the blood.

Stomach

  • Digests food.

Examples of Plant Organs

  • Root
  • Stem
  • Leaf
  • Flower
  • Fruit

Functions of Plant Organs

Root

  • Absorbs water and mineral salts.
  • Anchors the plant.

Stem

  • Supports the plant.
  • Transports water and food.

Leaf

  • Manufactures food.

Flower

  • Responsible for reproduction.

Meaning of System

A system (organ system) is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

Major Systems in Humans

  1. Digestive system
  2. Respiratory system
  3. Circulatory system
  4. Skeletal system
  5. Nervous system
  6. Reproductive system
  7. Excretory system

1. Digestive System

Organs:

  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine

Function:

  • Digests food and absorbs nutrients.

2. Respiratory System

Organs:

  • Nose
  • Trachea
  • Lungs

Function:

  • Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

3. Circulatory System

Organs:

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

Function:

  • Transports substances throughout the body.

4. Skeletal System

Organs:

  • Bones
  • Joints

Function:

  • Supports and protects the body.

5. Nervous System

Organs:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves

Function:

  • Controls and coordinates body activities.

Differences Between Tissue, Organ, and System

Tissue Organ System
Group of similar cells Group of tissues Group of organs
Performs one function Performs specific function Performs major body function
Example: Blood Example: Heart Example: Circulatory system

Importance of Organ Systems

  1. Maintain life processes.
  2. Ensure proper functioning of the body.
  3. Help organisms respond to environmental changes.
  4. Support growth and development.
  5. Maintain health and survival.

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Observation of Human Body Chart

Observe charts showing different organs and systems.

Observation: Different organs perform different functions.

Conclusion: Organs work together to form systems.

Activity 2: Examine Plant Organs

Observe roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.

Observation: Each part performs a special function.

Conclusion: Plant organs work together for survival.

Activity 3: Draw the Levels of Organization

Draw:

Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Conclusion: Living things are organized in levels.

Conclusion

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. The different systems in plants and animals work together to ensure survival and proper functioning of living organisms.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is a tissue?
  2. Define an organ.
  3. What is a system?
  4. State the levels of organization in living things.
  5. Mention four animal tissues.
  6. State the functions of xylem and phloem tissues.
  7. List five organs in humans.
  8. Mention four human body systems.
  9. Differentiate between tissues, organs, and systems.
  10. State three importance of organ systems.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. A group of similar cells forms a ______.
    A. organ
    B. tissue
    C. system
    D. organism

Answer: B

  1. Different tissues combine to form a ______.
    A. cell
    B. system
    C. organ
    D. organism

Answer: C

  1. A group of organs working together forms a ______.
    A. cell
    B. tissue
    C. organ
    D. system

Answer: D

  1. Which of the following is an organ?
    A. Blood
    B. Heart
    C. Muscle tissue
    D. Nerve tissue

Answer: B

  1. Which tissue transports water in plants?
    A. Phloem
    B. Xylem
    C. Epidermis
    D. Meristem

Answer: B

  1. The brain belongs to the ______ system.
    A. digestive
    B. respiratory
    C. nervous
    D. skeletal

Answer: C

  1. Which organ pumps blood throughout the body?
    A. Kidney
    B. Liver
    C. Heart
    D. Lungs

Answer: C

  1. The leaf is a ______ organ.
    A. animal
    B. plant
    C. nervous
    D. muscular

Answer: B

  1. Blood is an example of ______ tissue.
    A. epithelial
    B. connective
    C. muscular
    D. nervous

Answer: B

  1. The stomach belongs to the ______ system.
    A. respiratory
    B. nervous
    C. digestive
    D. skeletal

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Explain the levels of organization in living things.
  2. Define tissue, organ, and system with examples.
  3. Describe the major animal tissues and their functions.
  4. Explain the functions of the major human body systems.
  5. Differentiate between tissues, organs, and systems.

Assignment

  1. Draw and label the levels of organization in living things.
  2. List five organs in the human body and state their functions.
  3. State four differences between tissues and organs.

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