JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON SOURCES OF ENERGY (RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY) (JSS1 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS1

Term

Third Term

Week

Week 3

Topic

Sources of Energy (Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy)

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Solar panel (picture or chart)
  • Candle
  • Firewood
  • Coal
  • Kerosene stove
  • Gas cylinder (diagram or picture)
  • Windmill chart
  • Flowing water (river image or chart)
  • Battery
  • Chart showing renewable and non-renewable energy sources

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define sources of energy.
  2. Identify different sources of energy.
  3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
  4. Give examples of renewable energy sources.
  5. Give examples of non-renewable energy sources.
  6. State advantages and disadvantages of each type of energy source.
  7. Explain the importance of energy sources in daily life.

Introduction

Everything we do in life requires energy. This energy does not just appear; it comes from different sources.

Some energy sources can be replaced naturally, while others cannot be replaced once they are used up.

Understanding sources of energy helps us use them wisely and protect the environment.

Meaning of Sources of Energy

Sources of energy are materials or systems from which energy is obtained for use in homes, industries, transportation, and other activities.

Types of Energy Sources

Energy sources are divided into two major groups:

  1. Renewable energy sources
  2. Non-renewable energy sources

1. Renewable Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources are energy sources that can be replaced naturally and will not run out.

They are continuously available in nature.

Examples of Renewable Energy Sources

  • Sun (Solar energy)
  • Wind
  • Flowing water (hydro energy)
  • Biomass (firewood, plants, animal waste)
  • Tides and waves

Uses of Renewable Energy

  • Solar energy for drying and electricity
  • Wind energy for grinding grains and electricity
  • Hydro energy for generating electricity
  • Biomass for cooking

Advantages of Renewable Energy

  1. It does not run out
  2. It is environmentally friendly
  3. It reduces pollution
  4. It is sustainable

Disadvantages of Renewable Energy

  1. High initial cost
  2. Depends on weather (sun, wind, rain)
  3. Not available everywhere
  4. Requires technology

2. Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Non-renewable energy sources are energy sources that cannot be replaced once used up.

They exist in limited amounts in nature.

Examples of Non-Renewable Energy Sources

  • Coal
  • Crude oil (petrol, kerosene, diesel)
  • Natural gas
  • Nuclear fuels (uranium)

Uses of Non-Renewable Energy

  • Fuel for vehicles (petrol, diesel)
  • Cooking gas for homes
  • Electricity generation
  • Industrial machines

Advantages of Non-Renewable Energy

  1. Easy to use
  2. Produces high energy output
  3. Reliable and available anytime
  4. Easy to transport

Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy

  1. Causes environmental pollution
  2. Will eventually finish
  3. Expensive in the long term
  4. Causes health problems (air pollution)

Comparison Between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy
Can be replaced naturally Cannot be replaced easily
Environmentally friendly Causes pollution
Will not run out Will finish over time
Examples: sun, wind, water Examples: coal, oil, gas

Importance of Energy Sources

  1. Provides electricity
  2. Powers industries
  3. Supports transportation
  4. Used for cooking and heating
  5. Improves standard of living

Environmental Impact of Energy Sources

Renewable Energy:

  • Clean and safe
  • Reduces global warming

Non-Renewable Energy:

  • Causes air pollution
  • Produces greenhouse gases
  • Leads to climate change

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Solar Energy Discussion

Show solar panel picture.

Observation: Sunlight can produce energy.

Conclusion: Solar energy is renewable.

Activity 2: Burning Fuel

Light a candle or stove.

Observation: Heat and light are produced.

Conclusion: Fuel is a non-renewable energy source.

Activity 3: Wind Observation

Observe wind movement.

Conclusion: Wind is a natural renewable energy source.

Conclusion

Sources of energy are materials or systems that provide energy for daily activities. They are divided into renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable energy is sustainable and environmentally friendly, while non-renewable energy is limited and can cause pollution.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. What are sources of energy?
  2. State two types of energy sources.
  3. Give three examples of renewable energy sources.
  4. Mention three examples of non-renewable energy sources.
  5. State two advantages of renewable energy.
  6. State two disadvantages of non-renewable energy.
  7. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy.
  8. What is biomass energy?
  9. State three uses of energy sources.
  10. Why should renewable energy be encouraged?

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Sources of energy are materials that ______.
    A. destroy energy
    B. produce energy
    C. store water
    D. reduce heat

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is renewable energy?
    A. Coal
    B. Petroleum
    C. Sun
    D. Diesel

Answer: C

  1. Non-renewable energy includes ______.
    A. wind
    B. solar
    C. coal
    D. water

Answer: C

  1. Renewable energy is ______.
    A. limited
    B. exhaustible
    C. inexhaustible
    D. polluting only

Answer: C

  1. Which of these is used in vehicles?
    A. Wind
    B. Petrol
    C. Sunlight
    D. Water

Answer: B

  1. Wind is a source of ______ energy.
    A. non-renewable
    B. renewable
    C. chemical
    D. nuclear only

Answer: B

  1. Burning fossil fuels causes ______.
    A. clean air
    B. pollution
    C. oxygen increase
    D. rain formation

Answer: B

  1. Solar energy comes from the ______.
    A. moon
    B. sun
    C. water
    D. soil

Answer: B

  1. Coal is a ______ energy source.
    A. renewable
    B. non-renewable
    C. solar
    D. wind

Answer: B

  1. Renewable energy is important because it ______.
    A. runs out quickly
    B. is polluting
    C. is sustainable
    D. is dangerous

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Define sources of energy and explain the types.
  2. Describe renewable energy sources with examples.
  3. Explain non-renewable energy sources and their disadvantages.
  4. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy.
  5. Discuss the importance of energy sources in daily life.

Assignment

  1. List five renewable energy sources.
  2. List five non-renewable energy sources.
  3. Draw and label two examples of energy sources.

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