JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (JSS2 THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

Third Term

Week

Week 7

Topic

Non-Communicable Diseases

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Charts showing healthy and diseased organs
  • Pictures of diabetes, cancer, hypertension patients
  • Food items (balanced and junk food samples)
  • Video clips on lifestyle diseases
  • Blood pressure chart (if available)

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define non-communicable diseases.
  2. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  3. Identify causes of non-communicable diseases.
  4. List examples of non-communicable diseases.
  5. State symptoms of non-communicable diseases.
  6. Explain ways of preventing non-communicable diseases.
  7. State the importance of healthy lifestyle.

Introduction

Not all diseases spread from one person to another. Some diseases develop in the body due to lifestyle, heredity, or environmental factors.

These diseases are called non-communicable diseases and they cannot be transmitted through contact.

Meaning of Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another.

They are also called non-infectious diseases or lifestyle diseases.

Differences Between Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

Communicable Diseases Non-Communicable Diseases
Spread from person to person Do not spread
Caused by pathogens Caused by lifestyle or heredity
Examples: malaria, cholera Examples: diabetes, cancer
Can be prevented by vaccination Cannot be prevented by vaccination

Causes of Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases are caused by:

  1. Poor diet
  2. Lack of exercise
  3. Heredity (genetic factors)
  4. Aging
  5. Drug abuse
  6. Smoking and alcohol intake
  7. Stress

Examples of Non-Communicable Diseases

  1. Diabetes
  2. Cancer
  3. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  4. Asthma
  5. Heart disease
  6. Stroke
  7. Obesity

Symptoms of Non-Communicable Diseases

  1. Frequent tiredness
  2. Difficulty in breathing
  3. High blood pressure
  4. Weight loss or gain
  5. Chest pain
  6. Frequent urination (diabetes)
  7. Weak immune system

Types of Non-Communicable Diseases

1. Hereditary Diseases

Diseases passed from parents to children.
Example: sickle cell anemia

2. Lifestyle Diseases

Caused by unhealthy habits.
Examples: obesity, hypertension

3. Degenerative Diseases

Diseases that develop with age.
Examples: arthritis, cancer

Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases

  1. Eat balanced diet
  2. Exercise regularly
  3. Avoid smoking and alcohol
  4. Reduce sugar and fat intake
  5. Regular medical check-ups
  6. Maintain healthy body weight
  7. Avoid stress

Healthy Lifestyle Practices

  1. Regular physical exercise
  2. Eating fruits and vegetables
  3. Drinking clean water
  4. Adequate rest and sleep
  5. Avoiding junk food

Importance of Healthy Living

Healthy living helps to:

  1. Prevent diseases
  2. Improve life expectancy
  3. Increase productivity
  4. Maintain strong body
  5. Reduce medical expenses

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Food Classification

Classify food items into healthy and unhealthy foods.

Conclusion: Healthy diet reduces risk of diseases.

Activity 2: Exercise Demonstration

Perform simple exercises like jogging on the spot.

Conclusion: Exercise helps prevent lifestyle diseases.

Activity 3: Discussion

Discuss family history of diseases (e.g. diabetes, hypertension).

Conclusion: Some diseases are hereditary.

Conclusion

Non-communicable diseases are diseases that do not spread from person to person. They are mainly caused by lifestyle, genetics, and aging. Healthy living and regular exercise can help prevent them.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. Define non-communicable diseases.
  2. State five examples of non-communicable diseases.
  3. Mention four causes of non-communicable diseases.
  4. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  5. List five symptoms of non-communicable diseases.
  6. State four ways of preventing non-communicable diseases.
  7. What is obesity?
  8. Mention three lifestyle diseases.
  9. Explain the importance of exercise.
  10. State two hereditary diseases.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Non-communicable diseases are ______.
    A. infectious
    B. not infectious
    C. viral only
    D. bacterial only

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is a non-communicable disease?
    A. malaria
    B. cholera
    C. diabetes
    D. tuberculosis

Answer: C

  1. Hypertension is also called ______.
    A. low blood sugar
    B. high blood pressure
    C. fever
    D. malaria

Answer: B

  1. One cause of non-communicable diseases is ______.
    A. bacteria
    B. virus
    C. poor lifestyle
    D. mosquito bite

Answer: C

  1. Obesity means ______.
    A. underweight
    B. overweight
    C. blindness
    D. fever

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following helps prevent non-communicable diseases?
    A. smoking
    B. exercise
    C. alcohol intake
    D. junk food

Answer: B

  1. Diabetes is related to ______.
    A. blood sugar
    B. lungs
    C. bones
    D. skin

Answer: A

  1. Cancer is a ______ disease.
    A. communicable
    B. non-communicable
    C. infectious
    D. bacterial

Answer: B

  1. One symptom of non-communicable disease is ______.
    A. fever only
    B. chest pain
    C. mosquito bite
    D. rash only

Answer: B

  1. Hereditary diseases are passed from ______.
    A. teachers
    B. friends
    C. parents
    D. doctors

Answer: C

Essay Questions

  1. Define non-communicable diseases and give examples.
  2. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  3. Explain causes and prevention of non-communicable diseases.
  4. Discuss the importance of healthy lifestyle.
  5. Describe types of non-communicable diseases.

Assignment

  1. List five non-communicable diseases.
  2. Explain four causes of lifestyle diseases.
  3. Write five ways of maintaining good health.

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