JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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BASIC SCIENCE LESSON NOTE ON LIVING THINGS AND NON-LIVING THINGS (JSS2 FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE)

Class

JSS2

Term

First Term

Week

Week 2

Topic

Living Things and Non-Living Things (Review)

Duration

40 Minutes

Instructional Materials

  • Charts showing living and non-living things
  • Pictures of plants and animals
  • Stone, bottle, table, and book
  • Potted plant
  • Small animals (where possible)
  • Video clips or diagrams showing characteristics of living things

Reference Books

  1. NERDC Basic Science Curriculum for JSS
  2. STAN Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  3. Evans Basic Science for Junior Secondary Schools
  4. Comprehensive Basic Science by A.O. Ogunniyi

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  1. Define living things and non-living things.
  2. State the characteristics of living things.
  3. Differentiate between living and non-living things.
  4. Give examples of living and non-living things in the environment.
  5. Explain why plants are classified as living things.
  6. State the importance of living and non-living things to humans.

Introduction

Everything around us can be grouped into living things and non-living things.

Living things are organisms that carry out life processes such as feeding, respiration, growth, movement, excretion, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Non-living things do not perform these activities.

Understanding the differences between living and non-living things helps us to appreciate nature and how organisms interact with their environment.

Meaning of Living Things

Living things are organisms that possess life and can perform various life processes.

Examples include:

  • Human beings
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Birds
  • Fish
  • Trees
  • Grasses
  • Insects
  • Bacteria

Meaning of Non-Living Things

Non-living things are objects that do not possess life and cannot carry out life processes.

Examples include:

  • Stone
  • Table
  • Chair
  • Bottle
  • Pencil
  • Water
  • Air
  • Sand

Characteristics of Living Things

Living things possess certain characteristics which distinguish them from non-living things.

These characteristics are summarized by the acronym MRS GREN:

  • M – Movement
  • R – Respiration
  • S – Sensitivity (Response to stimuli)
  • G – Growth
  • R – Reproduction
  • E – Excretion
  • N – Nutrition

1. Movement

Living things can move from one place to another or move parts of their bodies.

Examples:

  • Human beings walk.
  • Birds fly.
  • Plants bend towards sunlight.

2. Respiration

Respiration is the process by which living things release energy from food.

Examples:

  • Humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
  • Plants also respire.

3. Sensitivity (Response to Stimuli)

Living things respond to changes in their environment.

Examples:

  • Closing the eyes when exposed to bright light.
  • Mimosa plant folds its leaves when touched.

4. Growth

Living things increase in size and complexity.

Examples:

  • A baby grows into an adult.
  • A seed grows into a plant.

5. Reproduction

Living things produce young ones of their own kind.

Examples:

  • Cats give birth to kittens.
  • Mango trees produce seeds.

6. Excretion

Living things remove waste products from their bodies.

Examples:

  • Humans excrete urine and sweat.
  • Plants release excess water through transpiration.

7. Nutrition

Living things require food to obtain energy.

Examples:

  • Animals feed on plants or other animals.
  • Plants manufacture food through photosynthesis.

Differences Between Living and Non-Living Things

Living Things Non-Living Things
Possess life Do not possess life
Grow and develop Do not grow naturally
Reproduce Cannot reproduce
Excrete waste Do not excrete
Respire Do not respire
Respond to stimuli Do not respond
Need food Do not need food

Why Plants Are Living Things

Plants are classified as living things because they:

  1. Grow from seeds to mature plants.
  2. Produce food by photosynthesis.
  3. Respire continuously.
  4. Respond to stimuli such as light and touch.
  5. Reproduce through seeds and other means.
  6. Excrete waste products.

Importance of Living Things

Living things are important because they:

  1. Provide food.
  2. Supply oxygen.
  3. Serve as pets and companions.
  4. Provide medicine.
  5. Maintain ecological balance.
  6. Provide raw materials for industries.

Importance of Non-Living Things

Non-living things are important because they:

  1. Provide shelter materials.
  2. Support transportation.
  3. Are used in construction.
  4. Store water and food.
  5. Aid human activities.

Practical Activities

Activity 1: Classification of Objects

Observe the following items:

  • Stone
  • Plant
  • Cat
  • Table
  • Bottle
  • Grass

Classify them into living and non-living things.

Conclusion: Living things perform life processes while non-living things do not.

Activity 2: Observation of Plant Growth

Plant bean seeds in soil and observe for one week.

Observation: Seeds germinate and grow.

Conclusion: Growth is a characteristic of living things.

Activity 3: Response to Stimulus

Touch the leaves of the Mimosa plant.

Observation: The leaves fold immediately.

Conclusion: Living things respond to stimuli.

Conclusion

Living things are organisms that possess life and carry out life processes such as movement, growth, respiration, nutrition, excretion, reproduction, and sensitivity. Non-living things do not perform these activities. The study of living and non-living things helps us understand our environment better.

Evaluation

Answer the following questions:

  1. Define living things.
  2. Define non-living things.
  3. State the meaning of MRS GREN.
  4. Mention seven characteristics of living things.
  5. Give five examples of living things.
  6. Give five examples of non-living things.
  7. Differentiate between living and non-living things.
  8. Why are plants classified as living things?
  9. State three importance of living things.
  10. State two importance of non-living things.

Objective Questions

Choose the correct answer from A–D.

  1. Living things are organisms that ______.
    A. do not grow
    B. possess life
    C. cannot reproduce
    D. are made of stone

Answer: B

  1. Which of the following is a living thing?
    A. Stone
    B. Chair
    C. Dog
    D. Bottle

Answer: C

  1. Which of these is a non-living thing?
    A. Bird
    B. Tree
    C. Fish
    D. Table

Answer: D

  1. The "G" in MRS GREN stands for ______.
    A. Growth
    B. Gas
    C. Germination
    D. Gravity

Answer: A

  1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
    A. Respiration
    B. Reproduction
    C. Photosynthesis
    D. Manufacturing plastic

Answer: D

  1. Living things remove waste through ______.
    A. digestion
    B. excretion
    C. feeding
    D. circulation

Answer: B

  1. Plants make their food by ______.
    A. excretion
    B. digestion
    C. photosynthesis
    D. respiration

Answer: C

  1. Which of the following can respond to stimuli?
    A. Stone
    B. Bottle
    C. Plant
    D. Table

Answer: C

  1. A baby growing into an adult shows ______.
    A. respiration
    B. reproduction
    C. growth
    D. excretion

Answer: C

  1. Water is an example of a ______.
    A. living thing
    B. plant
    C. animal
    D. non-living thing

Answer: D

Essay Questions

  1. Define living things and non-living things with examples.
  2. Explain the characteristics of living things using MRS GREN.
  3. Differentiate between living and non-living things.
  4. Explain why plants are regarded as living things.
  5. Discuss the importance of living and non-living things to humans.

Assignment

  1. List ten living things found in your environment.
  2. List ten non-living things found in your classroom.
  3. Explain the meaning of MRS GREN with examples.

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