JAMB CBT PRACTICE TEST

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BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE ON HUMAN KIDNEY

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Lesson Note on the Human Kidney Topic: The Human Kidney Duration: 40 minutes Specific Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define the kidney and state its location in the human body. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the kidney. Explain the processes involved in urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion). Describe how the kidney contributes to homeostasis. Identify common kidney-related diseases and how to prevent them. Evaluate the importance of maintaining kidney health. Lesson Content: 1. Introduction to the Human Kidney The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering waste from the blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance. They are part of the excretory system and play a crucial role in homeostasis. Location: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. Each kidney is bean-shaped and about the size of a fi...
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WAEC Economics Past Questions and Answers

 Introduction

Economics is a social science subject in WAEC that studies how individuals, firms, and governments allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It covers topics such as demand and supply, production, market structures, national income, money, banking, inflation, and international trade. This post provides 100 WAEC-standard objective questions and answers to help students prepare effectively for examination success.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (1–100)

Instruction: Choose the correct option A–D.

1–20: Basic Economic Concepts

  1. Economics is the study of
    A. money only B. scarce resources C. animals D. government only
    Answer: B

  2. Scarcity means
    A. unlimited resources B. limited resources C. no wants D. free goods
    Answer: B

  3. Choice arises because of
    A. scarcity B. abundance C. wealth D. inflation
    Answer: A

  4. Opportunity cost is
    A. total cost B. highest valued alternative forgone C. money cost D. fixed cost
    Answer: B

  5. Free goods are
    A. scarce B. abundant and free C. expensive D. limited
    Answer: B

  6. Economic goods are
    A. free B. scarce and valuable C. useless D. natural only
    Answer: B

  7. Scale of preference is
    A. list of wants in order of importance B. price list C. income list D. demand list
    Answer: A

  8. Factors of production include land, labour, capital and
    A. money B. entrepreneur C. goods D. trade
    Answer: B

  9. Labour refers to
    A. machines B. human effort C. land D. capital
    Answer: B

  10. Land in economics includes
    A. only soil B. natural resources C. buildings only D. money
    Answer: B

  11. Capital refers to
    A. natural resources B. man-made goods used for production C. labour D. land
    Answer: B

  12. The reward for land is
    A. wage B. rent C. interest D. profit
    Answer: B

  13. The reward for labour is
    A. profit B. wage C. rent D. tax
    Answer: B

  14. The reward for capital is
    A. interest B. rent C. wage D. subsidy
    Answer: A

  15. The reward for entrepreneur is
    A. wage B. profit C. rent D. tax
    Answer: B

  16. Microeconomics studies
    A. economy as a whole B. individual units C. government only D. international trade only
    Answer: B

  17. Macroeconomics studies
    A. individuals B. economy as a whole C. firms only D. consumers only
    Answer: B

  18. Utility means
    A. price B. satisfaction C. cost D. supply
    Answer: B

  19. A market is
    A. shop only B. place where buyers and sellers interact C. factory D. bank
    Answer: B

  20. Demand refers to
    A. desire only B. desire backed with ability to pay C. supply D. production
    Answer: B

21–40: Demand, Supply & Elasticity

  1. Law of demand states that as price increases, demand
    A. increases B. decreases C. remains constant D. doubles
    Answer: B

  2. Law of supply states that as price increases, supply
    A. decreases B. increases C. remains constant D. stops
    Answer: B

  3. A demand curve slopes
    A. upward B. downward C. vertical D. horizontal
    Answer: B

  4. A supply curve slopes
    A. downward B. upward C. flat D. zigzag
    Answer: B

  5. A substitute good is
    A. complementary B. alternative good C. free good D. luxury only
    Answer: B

  6. Complementary goods are used
    A. separately B. together C. never D. randomly
    Answer: B

  7. Elasticity of demand measures
    A. price change B. responsiveness of demand to price C. supply only D. cost
    Answer: B

  8. If demand is elastic, consumers are
    A. not responsive B. highly responsive C. indifferent D. fixed
    Answer: B

  9. Inelastic demand means
    A. no change B. little change in demand C. high change D. zero supply
    Answer: B

  10. A normal good is one whose demand
    A. falls as income rises B. rises as income rises C. never changes D. disappears
    Answer: B

  11. Inferior goods are demanded more when income
    A. increases B. decreases C. stays same D. doubles
    Answer: B

  12. A shift in demand is caused by
    A. price only B. non-price factors C. supply only D. tax only
    Answer: B

  13. Movement along demand curve is caused by
    A. income B. price change C. population D. taste
    Answer: B

  14. Excess demand occurs when
    A. supply > demand B. demand > supply C. supply = demand D. no demand
    Answer: B

  15. Excess supply occurs when
    A. demand > supply B. supply > demand C. demand = supply D. no supply
    Answer: B

  16. Equilibrium price is where
    A. demand = supply B. demand > supply C. supply > demand D. no trade
    Answer: A

  17. A price ceiling is
    A. minimum price B. maximum price C. average price D. market price
    Answer: B

  18. A price floor is
    A. maximum price B. minimum price C. free price D. zero price
    Answer: B

  19. Subsidy is
    A. tax B. government payment to producers C. loan D. interest
    Answer: B

  20. Tax increases usually
    A. increase demand B. reduce demand C. increase supply D. no effect
    Answer: B

41–60: Production & Market Structures

  1. Production is
    A. consumption B. creation of goods and services C. distribution only D. exchange only
    Answer: B

  2. Division of labour increases
    A. inefficiency B. efficiency C. unemployment D. poverty
    Answer: B

  3. Specialization means
    A. doing many jobs B. focusing on one job C. no job D. random work
    Answer: B

  4. Smallest unit of production is
    A. firm B. industry C. market D. country
    Answer: A

  5. Total output divided by labour is
    A. inflation B. productivity C. demand D. cost
    Answer: B

  6. Fixed cost is
    A. changes with output B. does not change with output C. zero cost D. variable cost
    Answer: B

  7. Variable cost changes with
    A. population B. output C. price D. tax
    Answer: B

  8. Total cost =
    A. fixed + variable cost B. price + tax C. demand + supply D. profit + loss
    Answer: A

  9. A monopoly is a market with
    A. many sellers B. one seller C. two sellers D. no sellers
    Answer: B

  10. Perfect competition has
    A. one seller B. many sellers C. no buyers D. government only
    Answer: B

  11. Oligopoly is a market with
    A. one seller B. few sellers C. many buyers D. no buyers
    Answer: B

  12. Monopoly price is usually
    A. low B. high C. zero D. negative
    Answer: B

  13. Market structure refers to
    A. population B. type of market organization C. weather D. geography
    Answer: B

  14. Profit is
    A. revenue - cost B. cost - revenue C. tax + cost D. price only
    Answer: A

  15. Revenue is
    A. total income from sales B. cost of production C. tax only D. loss
    Answer: A

  16. Average cost is
    A. total cost/output B. profit/output C. price/output D. tax/output
    Answer: A

  17. Break-even point is where
    A. profit is maximum B. no profit no loss C. loss is maximum D. cost is zero
    Answer: B

  18. Entrepreneurship involves
    A. labour only B. risk-taking and organization C. land only D. capital only
    Answer: B

  19. Capital intensive production uses
    A. more labour B. more machines C. no machines D. no labour
    Answer: B

  20. Labour intensive uses
    A. machines only B. more labour C. no labour D. capital only
    Answer: B

61–80: Money, Banking & Inflation

  1. Money is
    A. goods B. medium of exchange C. land D. labour
    Answer: B

  2. One function of money is
    A. storage of value B. destruction of goods C. production D. taxation
    Answer: A

  3. Inflation means
    A. fall in prices B. rise in general price level C. no change D. zero prices
    Answer: B

  4. Deflation is
    A. rise in prices B. fall in prices C. stable prices D. no money
    Answer: B

  5. Central Bank controls
    A. population B. money supply C. weather D. trade only
    Answer: B

  6. Commercial banks accept
    A. animals B. deposits C. land D. labour
    Answer: B

  7. Interest is payment for
    A. land B. capital C. labour D. tax
    Answer: B

  8. Inflation reduces
    A. purchasing power B. population C. trade D. production only
    Answer: A

  9. Bank rate is
    A. tax rate B. interest charged by central bank C. salary rate D. exchange rate
    Answer: B

  10. Demand for money depends on
    A. taste only B. income and price level C. weather D. land
    Answer: B

81–100: Public Finance & International Trade

  1. Government revenue is mainly from
    A. tax B. rain C. population D. land
    Answer: A

  2. Tax is
    A. voluntary payment B. compulsory payment C. loan D. gift
    Answer: B

  3. Direct tax is paid by
    A. seller B. buyer C. taxpayer directly D. government
    Answer: C

  4. Indirect tax is included in
    A. salary B. price of goods C. land D. labour
    Answer: B

  5. Budget is
    A. weather plan B. income and expenditure plan C. market price D. demand list
    Answer: B

  6. Trade is
    A. production only B. exchange of goods and services C. saving only D. investment only
    Answer: B

  7. Export means
    A. buying from abroad B. selling to abroad C. local trade D. storage
    Answer: B

  8. Import means
    A. selling abroad B. buying from abroad C. production D. saving
    Answer: B

  9. Balance of trade is
    A. exports - imports B. imports - exports C. tax - subsidy D. profit - loss
    Answer: A

  10. Trade barrier includes
    A. subsidy B. tariff C. demand D. supply
    Answer: B

  11. Tariff is
    A. tax on imports B. subsidy C. wage D. profit
    Answer: A

  12. Exchange rate is
    A. price of goods B. price of currency C. tax rate D. interest rate
    Answer: B

  13. Economic development means
    A. fall in income B. improvement in living standard C. unemployment D. inflation only
    Answer: B

  14. Economic growth refers to
    A. increase in population B. increase in output C. decrease in trade D. poverty
    Answer: B

  15. GDP stands for
    A. Gross Domestic Product B. General Demand Price C. Global Development Plan D. Gross Debt Profit
    Answer: A

  16. Inflation harms
    A. creditors B. debtors C. consumers D. producers
    Answer: C

  17. Savings is
    A. income spent B. income not spent C. tax D. profit
    Answer: B

  18. Investment is
    A. spending on production B. saving only C. tax payment D. consumption
    Answer: A

  19. Poverty means
    A. high income B. low income C. trade surplus D. inflation
    Answer: B

  20. Unemployment means
    A. no jobs B. no money C. no trade D. no production
    Answer: A

  21. Population growth affects
    A. demand only B. supply and demand C. tax only D. weather
    Answer: B

  22. Rural-urban migration is movement from
    A. cities to villages B. villages to cities C. countries D. continents
    Answer: B

  23. Economic system includes
    A. market only B. how resources are allocated C. weather D. land
    Answer: B

  24. Mixed economy has
    A. government only B. private and government sectors C. no government D. no firms
    Answer: B

  25. Traditional economy is based on
    A. customs B. technology C. money only D. trade only
    Answer: A

  26. Capitalism is
    A. government control B. private ownership C. no ownership D. trade only
    Answer: B

  27. Socialism is
    A. private ownership B. government ownership C. no production D. barter only
    Answer: B

  28. Barter system is
    A. exchange of goods for goods B. money system C. banking D. taxation
    Answer: A

  29. Double coincidence of wants is problem of
    A. money system B. barter system C. banking D. inflation
    Answer: B

  30. Economics is important because it helps in
    A. wasting resources B. efficient use of resources C. inflation D. unemployment
    Answer: B

EXAM SUCCESS TIPS

  • Master basic economic concepts (scarcity, choice, opportunity cost)
  • Practice demand and supply graphs
  • Understand market structures clearly
  • Revise money, banking, and inflation thoroughly
  • Learn definitions exactly as WAEC expects
  • Practice calculation-based questions
  • Study international trade terms
  • Attempt past questions regularly
  • Focus on diagrams and curves
  • Stay consistent and avoid cramming

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